Uses of Nominative Case (3)
subject
predicate nominative
predicate adjective
Uses of Genitive Case (10)
possession (never with ego, tu)
objective genitive
genitive of origin
genitive of material of which something is made
genitive of quality or description (always includes adjective)
genitive with causa and gratia
partitive genitive
certain adjectives
direc
What adjectives take a genitive? (7)
immemor (forgetful)
insuetus (unaccustomed)
peritus (experienced)
plenus (full)
avidus (greedy)
studiousus (eager)
similis (similar) [if followed by a person]
Uses of Dative Case (8)
indirect object
place to which
direct object of some intransitive verbs
dative with some adjectives
dative of agent in a passive periphrastic
dative direct object of many compound verbs
dative of reference
dative of possession (almost always dative of pos
Which intransitive verbs take a dative direct object (14)
placere (please)
displicere (displease)
parere (please)
imperare (command)
servire (serve)
resistere (resist)
invidere (envy)
miniare (threaten)
ignoscere (pardon)
parcere (spare)
credere (believe)
favere (favor)
studere (desire)
nocere (harm)
which adjectives take a dative (7)
amicus (friendly)
inimicus (unfriendly)
similis (similar)
dissimilis (dissimilar)
carus (dear)
idoneus (suitable)
benignus (kind)
Uses of accusative case (8)
direct object
double accusative (usually with verbs of teaching or asking)
accusative of many prepositions
accusative of extent of time or space
accusative of respect
accusative of subject of an indirect statement
accusative with ad plus gerund or gerundi
Prepositions that take accusative (11)
ad (towards)
ante (before)
circum (around)
inter (between, among)
ob (on account of)
per (through)
post (after)
prae (in front of)
prope (near)
propter (on account of)
super (above)
(prepositions showing motion toward, into, or under)
Uses of ablative case (19)
ablative of place from which (with or without preposition)
ablative of origin (usually with satus (sown) or natus (born))
ablative of separation (usually with liberare, separare, disiungere, defendere, prohibere, dividere)
ablative of means (always an ina
Which words use locative case (5)
cities and towns
small islands
domus (home)
rus (countryside)
humus (ground)
decline ego
ego
mei
mihi
me
me
nos
nostrum
nobis
nos
nobis
decline tu
tu
tui
tibi
te
te
vos
vestrum
vobis
vos
vobis
decline is/ea/id
is ea id
eius
ei
eum eam id
eo ea eo
ei eae at
eorum earum eorum
eis
eos eas ea
eis
What are the types of pronouns (7)
personal
reflexive
possessive
demonstrative
interrogative
relative
indefinite
which pronouns can be personal (3)
ego
tu
is/ea/id
which pronouns can be reflexive (3)
ego
tu
se
which adjectives can be possessive adjectives (4)
meus/noster
tuus/vester
suus
genitive of is/ea/id
which pronouns are demonstrative
hic/haec/hoc (here by me)
iste/ista/istud (there by you)
ille/illa/illud (over there, distant front the speaker)
is/ea/id
idem, eadem, idem (the same)
which pronouns can be intensive (2)
sui
ipse
decline the interrogative pronoun quis/quis/quid
quis quid
cuius
cui quem quid
quo
qui quae quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus
quos quas quae
quibus
decline the interrogative adjective/relative pronoun qui/quae/quod
qui quae quod
cuius
cui
quem quam quod
quo qua quo
qui quae quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus
quos quas quae
quibus
what are the indefinite pronouns (5)
aliquis (someone)
quisquam (anyone)
quisque (each)
quivis (anything you wish)
quidam (a certain(
how are comparative adjectives formed
-ior -ior -ius
how are superlative adjectives formed
-issimus, -a -um
name the irregular adjectives (8)
good - bonus, melior, optimus
bad - malus, peior, pessimus
much - multus, plus, plurimus
many - multi, plures, plurimi
great - magnus, maior, maximus
small - parvus, minor, minimus
young - iuvenis, iunior, minimus natu
old - senex, senior, macimus natu
how to form an adverb/comparative/superlative
-e/-ius/-issime
-iter/-ius/-issime
what are the defective verbs
memini and odi
(perfect tense is used to express present
pluperfect is used to express imperfect or perfect
future perfect is used to express future)
how to express prohibition
nolite and ne + perfect subjunctive (2nd person)
ne + present (1st and 3rd person)
imperatives
-re/te (present)
to/te (future)
translate infinitives
to to be
to have to have been
to be about to to be about to be
what are the uses of the infinitive
subjunctive
objective
complementary
the historical infitive
what words take a complementary infitive
audeo (dare
coepi (began)
conor (try)
constituo (decide)
cunctor (hesitate)
cupio (wish)
debeo (ought)
desino (cease)
dubito (hesitate)
incipio (begin)
possum (be able, can)
prohibeo (prevent)
scio (know how)
soleo (be accustomed)
statuo (decide)
volo (wi
indirect statements time
(Verbs go present, past, future; infinites go present, past future)
am ing
was ing
will
was ing
had ed
was ing
will
would
will
make the participles
-ns/ntis (present active)
4th PP (perfect passive)
-ur-(future active participle)
gerundive (future passive)
what is the active periphrastic
future participle + sum
are + translate particible
what are the independent uses of the subjunctive?
jussive
hortatory
deliberative
optative
potential (translate with would)
how do you ake and translate optative
present subjunctive (sometimes with utinam) = may
imperfect subjunctive (usually with utinam) = might
present subjunctive (usually with utinam) = had
ne=negative wish
how do you make and translate purpose clauses?
to, in order to, so that, for the purpose of
ut/ne +subjunctive (sometimes quo if comparative adjective or adverb is used)
how do you make and translate result clauses?
that
signal word + ut/ut non +subjunctive
what are the signal words for a result clause (9)
tam, ita, sic, adeo (so)
tantius (so much, so great), tot (so many)
talis, tale (such a)
totiens (so many times)
hactenus (to such an extent)
how do you make and translate substantive clause of result
facere ut (non) (to bring it about that)
accidit ut (non) (it happens that)
factum esse ut (non) (to come about that)
how to make and translate indirect commands
warn, persuade, order, command, encourage
ut+ne
how to make and translate fear clause
ut/ne
I fear that
which verbs are followed by and indirect command?
monere
persuadere
imperare
mandare
hortari
what are the cum clauses?
indicative-since/although
subjunctive (usually past)-when (with tamen, it is nevertheless)
how do you make and translate the indirect question
question word
present/future/future perfect/imperative
+present (same time)
+perfect (time before)
+future participle + present subjunctive of sum (time after)
imperfect/perfect/pluperfect
+imperfect (same time)
+pluperfect (time before
+future participle
what are the conditions statements (with si and nisi)
present (ind) + present (ind) = simple present
past (ind) + past (ind) = simple past
future (ind) + future (ind) = future more vivid
future perfect (ind) + future (ind) = future more vivid
present (sub) + present (sub) = future less vivid (should/would)
i
how to make and translate a doubt clause
quin + subjunctive
that
how to make and translate a clause of hindering
deterreo/imperio/recuso + quin/quominus/ne
that
how to make and translate a relative clause of characteristic
pronoun (usually negative) + qui/quin + characteristics
how to make and translate a relative clause of result
pronoun (usually negative) + qui/quin+ characteristics
what case is a relative clause within an indirect statement
subjunctive
when is casual clause subjunctive
used if cause is alleged or stated as false
when is temporal clause subjunctive
with dum when dum means until in the sense of purpose or if an event is anticipated then the verb is subjunctive
how to make and translate clauses of proviso
dum, modo, dummodo +subjunctive
provided that
what are the uses of subjunctive (22)
jussive
hortatory
potential
deliberative
optative
purpose clause
result clause
substantive clause of result
indirect command
fear clauses
cum clauses
indirect questions
conditional statements
doubt clauses
relative clause of characteristics
clause of hind
how to decline genunds
ndi
ndo
ndum
ndo
how to translate purpose clause (with gerund)
ad/causa/gratia +gerund/gerundive
for
how to make and translate passive periphrastic
gerundive + sum + dative of agent
had to + dative
suppine
PPP-us+um =purpose (to)
PPP-us+ respect (to) (especially with optimum, facile, mirabile, miserabile, horrible)
impersonal verbs
with accusative
decet (it becomes, it is proper, it is fitting)
dedecet (it is not fitting)
iuvat (it pleases)
oportet (it is proper)
with dative
videtur (it seems)
placet or libet (it pleases, one likes)
licet (it is allowed, one may)
opus est (there is
1st declension nouns
a
ae
ae
am
a
ae
arum
is
as
is
2nd declension
us/um
i
o
um
o
i/a
orum
is
os/a
is
3rd declension nouns
X
is
i
em
e
es
um
ibus
es
ibus
4th declension nouns
us/u
us
ui/u
um/u
u
us/ua
uum
ibus
os/ua
ibus
5th declension nouns
es
ei
ei
em
e
es
erum
ebus
es
ebus
indicative active (present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect, future, future perfect)
o
s
t
mus
tis
nt
i
isti
it
imust
istis
erunt
bam
bas
bat
bamus
batis
bant
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
errant
bo/am
bis/es
bit/et
bimust/emus
bitis/etis
bunt/emt
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erint
indicative passive (present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect, future, future perfect)
or
eris
itur
imur
imini
untur
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
bar
baris
batur
bamur
bamini
bantur
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
errant
bor/ar
beris/eris
bitur/etur
bimur/emur
bimini/emini
buntur/entur
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erint
infinitives (active: present, perfect, future-->passive: present, perfect)
re
isse
urus esse
ri
esse
participles (present active, perfect passive, future active, future passive)
ns
PPP
urus
nd
subjunctive active (present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect)
m
s
t
mus
tis
nt
erim
eris
erit
erimust
eritus
erint
rem
res
ret
remus
retis
rent
issem
isses
isset
issemus
issetis
issent
subjunctive passive(present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect)
r
ris
tur
mur
mini
ntur
sim
sis
sit
simus
sitis
sint
rer
res
retur
remur
remini
rentur
essem
esses
esset
essemus
essetis
essent