In the electron transport system, the energy used to synthesize ATP comes from the diffusion of ________ from the outer compartment of the mitochondria to the inner compartment.
A)NADH
B)hydrogen ions
C)pyruvate
D)electrons
B
If a cell does not have a membrane-bound nucleus, it is also not likely to have:
A)cytoplasm.
B)a plasma membrane.
C)a cell wall.
D)membrane-bound organelles.
E)DNA or RNA.
D
Which of the following is not true regarding metabolism?
A)Metabolism involves thousands of different chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.
B)An anabolic reaction is one in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.
C)Catab
B
Which of the following molecules would be most likely to pass through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane?
A)ions
B)both ions and polar molecules
C)small uncharged nonpolar molecules
D)polar molecules
E)water
C
Which of the following forms of transport across a membrane is passive (does not require the use of energy)?
A)endocytosis
B)osmosis
C)diffusion
D)active transport
E)diffusion and osmosis
E
Cells use many sources of energy to make ATP, but the most common and readily available source of this energy is:
A)nucleic acids.
B)fat.
C)proteins.
D)glycogen.
E)glucose.
E
Which of the following is not true regarding receptor proteins?
A)They are used to receive and transmit information across the plasma membrane.
B)When a receptor protein binds to a molecule, a series of biochemical reactions occur that eventually cause ch
C
In human muscle cells, if oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate is converted to ________ instead of acetyl.
A)fat
B)carbon dioxide
C)lactic acid
D)water
E)glucose
C
Which of the following is true regarding active transport?
A)Active transport relies on the process of diffusion.
B)Molecules to be transported attach to phospholipids in the plasma membrane; as the phospholipids change shape, the molecules are moved acro
D
Gated channels are especially important in regulating the transport of ________ across a plasma membrane.
A)nucleic acids
B)glucose
C)ions
D)small uncharged molecules
E)water
C
Metabolic pathways involve several chemical reactions; each reaction requires the presence and action of a specific:
A)product.
B)enzyme.
C)pH.
D)phosphate.
E)organelle.
B
Electrons are transported to the electron transport system by:
A)both FADH2 and NADH.
B)FADH2.
C)glucose.
D)NADH.
E)Coenzyme A.
A
A student is designing an experiment to show the effects of the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. He places a highly concentrated saltwater solution into a bag that is permeable only to water. He then submerges the bag into a beak
C
Lysosomes dissolve and remove damaged cell organelles and other cellular debris. Once the lysosomes have completed the digestion of these cell parts, they become:
A)residual bodies.
B)peroxisomes.
C)ribosomes.
D)mitochondria.
E)centrioles.
A
The burning sensation associated with muscle fatigue is due to the accumulation of:
A)NADH.
B)lactic acid.
C)pyruvate.
D)carbon dioxide.
E)protein.
B
Which of the following is not true regarding stem cells?
A)The ideal source of human stem cells is the human embryo when it consists of eight or fewer cells.
B)Because stem cells are less differentiated than adult cells, it is less likely that they would
D
The figure above shows a portion of the cell membrane. Which of the following processes is depicted in the above illustration?
A)exocytosis
B)diffusion
C)gated channels
D)endocytosis
E)facilitated diffusion
D
The process by which embryonic cells go through functional and structural changes to become specialized is:
A)development.
B)metabolism.
C)differentiation.
D)homeostasis.
E)in vitro fertilization.
C
At the end of the electron transport system, oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form ________, a "waste" product.
A)water
B)urea
C)NAD+
D)glucose
E)FAD
A
The two-carbon molecule acetyl is completely broken apart into carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and electrons in which of the following processes?
A)the citric acid cycle
B)exocytosis
C)action of the sodium-potassium pump
D)the electron transport system
E)g
A
Which of the following is not true regarding a plasma membrane?
A)The membrane is composed of proteins, cholesterol, and one layer of phospholipids.
B)It regulates the movement of molecules into and out of a cell.
C)Microscopic projections of the plasma m
A
Active transport is like facilitated diffusion in that both processes:
A)facilitate the movement of water through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.
B)require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the
B
HeLa cells:
A)have been used in research on cancer, cell nutrition, and viral growth.
B)were first observed and studied in the late 1800s.
C)were originally obtained from a colon tumor.
D)are the only cells known to grow and reproduce within human cells.
A
If red blood cells are placed into a hypertonic solution, which of the following is most likely to occur?
A)Water will rush into the cells and the cells will swell and eventually burst.
B)Because there is more water outside the cell than inside the cell,
C
Which of the following structures provides an internal network of support for the cell?
A)the cytoskeleton
B)cilia
C)ribosomes
D)nucleoli
E)centrioles
A
Which of the following is true regarding cilia and flagella?
A)Flagella are typically shorter than cilia.
B)Flagella are common on cells that line passageways in the human body.
C)Given a typical cell, cilia are less numerous than flagella.
D)Flagella are
E
Which of the following is true regarding phospholipids found in plasma membranes?
A)Phospholipids give the membrane structural support because they provide rigidity to the membrane.
B)The phospholipids serve as a means of transport and communicating infor
C
Which of the following steps in the breakdown of glucose can occur without oxygen?
A)citric acid cycle
B)both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system
C)electron transport system
D)preparatory step
E)glycolysis
E
According to your text, which of the following is not one of the four stages of metabolism used in the production of ATP from glucose?
A)conversion of NADH to NAD+
B)preparatory step
C)electron transport system
D)citric acid cycle
E)glycolysis
A
During cell division, it is essential that the genetic material be distributed equally to the resulting cells. This is accomplished through the participation of which of the following organelles?
A)ribosomes
B)Golgi apparatus
C)peroxisomes
D)centrioles
E)
D
The main reason that cellular respiration occurs in a cell is to:
A)produce glucose.
B)release energy from anabolic reactions, which then can be used to drive catabolic reactions.
C)break down ATP molecules into ADP and a phosphate.
D)activate the plasma
E
In the cell, proteins are synthesized on ribosomes which are located in two different places. If the ribosome is located on rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the protein it produced go next?
A)cytoplasm
B)plasma membrane
C)folds of the endoplasmic r
C
The products of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by:
A)gated channels.
B)endocytosis.
C)vesicles.
D)cilia.
E)free-floating ribosomes.
C
Which of the following would most likely be associated with the surface of cells and provide a brushing motion, thereby moving materials over the surface of the cells?
A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)cilia
C)microfilaments
D)flagella
E)centrioles
B
Which of the following structures is characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A)Golgi apparatus
B)nucleus
C)mitochondria
D)cell membrane
E)endoplasmic reticulum
D
The first cell that was seen under a microscope was a
a.cork cell.
b.blood cell.
c.sperm cell.
d.skin cell.
e.root tip cell.
A
Who is generally given credit for seeing cells for the first time and naming them?
a.Robert Hooke.
b.Robert Brown.
c.Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden.
d.Rudolf Virchow.
e.Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
A
The resolution of small details by a light microscope is limited by the
a.vision of the human viewer.
b.power of the lenses
c.size of the specimen
d.properties of the light waves
e.stains used in preparation of the specimen
D
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
a.algae
b.bacteria
c.human
d.plant
e.fungus
B
These are the primary cellular sites for the production of proteins.
a.Golgi bodies
b.ribosomes
c.mitochondria
d.lysosomes
e.smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B
Which of these is the site for protein modification and lipid synthesis?
a.Nucleus
b.Cytoskeleton
c.Mitochondria
d.endoplasmic reticulum
e.all of these
D
Structural features that influence the shapes of cells are
a.plastids.
b.vacuoles.
c.microvilli.
d.nucleoli.
e.microfilaments.
E
The phospholipid molecules of most membranes have
a.a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.
b.a hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail.
c.a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails.
d.a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
e.none of these
D
The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the
a.nonpolar nature of water molecules.
b.presence of large proteins that extend through both sides of membranes.
c.presence of inorganic salt crystals scattered through
E
These contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion.
a.Golgi bodies
b.ribosomes
c.mitochondria
d.lysosomes
e.endoplasmic reticula
D
The organelle that degrades potentially harmful hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances is the
a.lysosome.
b.peroxisome.
c.mitochondria.
d.rough ER.
e.Golgi.
B
The movement of water through a membrane is dependent on
a.the concentration of solute.
b.channel proteins.
c.the extent of packing of the phospholipids.
d.active transport
e.endocytosis.
A
A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. Which of the following is likely to happen?
a.The cell bursts.
b.Salt is pumped out of the cell.
c.The cell shrinks.
d.Enzymes flow out of the cell.
e.all of these
C
Which statement is true?
a.A cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell.
b.A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.
c.A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will shrink.
d.A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will remain the same size.
e.A c
B
Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient is
a.simple diffusion.
b.facilitated diffusion.
c.osmosis.
d.active transport.
e.passive transport.
D
Cells active in secreting enzymes would likely exhibit a higher than usual amount of
a.osmosis.
b.exocytosis.
c.lipid bilayers in the plasma membranes.
d.endocytosis.
e.receptor proteins.
B
Which is NOT found as a part of all cells?
a.cell membrane
b.nucleus
c.ribosomes
d.DNA
e.RNA
B
Which of the following is NOT true of the nuclear envelope?
a.single lipid bilayer
b.continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
c.possesses pores
d.controls passage into and out of nucleus
e.separates DNA from cytoplasm
A
The interior surface area of mitochondria is greatly increased by
a.plastids.
b.cristae.
c.centrioles
d.nucleoli.
e.microfilaments.
B
During enzyme catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for
a.end products.
b.by-products.
c.enzymes.
d.reactants.
e.all of these
D
Enzymatic reactions can be controlled by
a.the amount of substrates available.
b.the concentration of products.
c.temperature.
d.modification of reactive sites by substances that fit into the enzyme and, later, their reactive site.
e.all of these
E
A molecule that gives up an electron becomes
a.ionized only
b.oxidized only
c.reduced only
d.ionized and oxidized
e.oxidized and reduced
D
The removal of electrons from a compound is known as
a.dehydration.
b.oxidation.
c.reduction.
d.phosphorylation.
e.a nonreversible chemical reaction.
B
When NAD+ combines with hydrogen, the NAD+ becomes
a.reduced.
b.oxidized.
c.phosphorylated.
d.denatured.
e.none of these
A
Which of the following has the greatest amount of energy?
a.cAMP (cyclic AMP)
b.ADP
c.ATP
d.glucose
e.NADPH
D
Which liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?
a.aerobic respiration
b.anaerobic respiration
c.alcoholic fermentation
d.lactate fermentation
e.All liberate the same amount, but through different means.
A
Glycolysis
a.occurs in the mitochondria.
b.happens to glucose only.
c.results in the production of pyruvate.
d.occurs in the cytoplasm.
e.occurs in the cytoplasm and results in the production of pyruvate.
E
The amount of energy released from a glucose molecule is dependent on what happens to
a.carbon atoms.
b.oxygen atoms.
c.hydrogen atoms.
d.phosphorus atoms.
e.water molecules.
C
The end result of glycolysis is
a.acetyl CoA.
b.oxaloacetate.
c.pyruvate.
d.citrate.
e.acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
C
How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis?
a.1
b.2
c.4
d.36
e.38
B
The conversion of PGAL to pyruvate involves (skip this question)
a.anaerobic respiration.
b.photophosphorylation.
c.the electron transport chain.
d.substrate-level phosphorylation.
e.the Krebs cycle.
D
In the breakdown of glucose, the compound formed after two phosphorylation reactions is split into two three-carbon compounds. The three-carbon compound is named
a.phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).
b.pyruvate.
c.acetyl CoA.
d.lactate.
e.acetaldehyde.
A
Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of
a.glycolysis.
b.acetyl CoA formation.
c.fermentation.
d.the Krebs cycle.
e.electron transport.
A
Aerobes use ________ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation.
a.hydrogen
b.carbon
c.oxygen
d.H2O
e.NAD+
C
The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is:
a.glycolysis >> oxidative phosphorylation >> Krebs
b.oxidative phosphorylation >> glycolysis >> Krebs
c.Krebs >> glycolysis >> oxidative phosphorylation
d.oxidative phosphorylation >
E
The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is
a.NAD+
b.CO2
c.ADP
d.NADP+
e.O2
E
The total yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is
a.2.
b.8.
c.32.
d.36.
e.48.
D
Fermentation
a.may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions.
b.produces more ATP than is liberated in the hydrogen transfer series.
c.breaks down glucose in reaction with oxygen.
d.is restricted to yeasts.
e.none of these
A
When blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped?
a.glycogen
b.fats
c.proteins
d.steroids
e.amino acids
A
When proteins and fats are used as energy sources, their breakdown subunits enter
a.glycolysis
b.electron transport
c.Krebs cycle
d.chemiosmosis
e.fermentation
C