Ogdoad
- A group or set of eight
- Consists of eight deities, four are female, four are male
- They reflect each other
- Represent the four creative powers or sources
Sneferu
- King/Pharaoh of the 4th dynasty
- Lived in the Old Kingdom
- Built the 1st classical pyramids at Dashur
- Typically depicted with both crowns of Egypt
- Believed to have built three pyramids: The Pyramid at Meidum, the Bent Pyramid at Dashur, and the Re
Manetho
- Egyptian priest and advisor who began keeping records of the ancient Egyptian kings
- Created Manetho's List
- 70 Kings in 70 Days
- Wrote down the whole history of Egypt for the Greeks
Menes
- Established the capital of Memphis
- Built a 49-ft wall around Memphis that saved it from flooding
- Son of Narmer
- 1st dynasty king
- Also recognized as Narmer
Khufu
- Egyptian Pharaoh of 4th Dynasty
- Built the Great Pyramid at Giza
- Father of Djedefre
- Son of Snefru and Hetepheres
- Had an Aswan granite sarcophagus
- Reported to be a tyrant
Djoser
- Pharaoh of the 3rd Dynasty
- Had the first Step Pyramid built at his tomb in Saqqara
- Imhotep was his architect
- Also built his Heb Sed Complex
- Built his Serdab in which he put inside a statue of himself that was able to look outside
- Began the leg
Imhotep
- Name of the architect who designed the Step Pyramid
- Also known as the name of the Egyptian God of Medicine
- Pharaoh Djoser's Vizier
- Physician
- Chief Builder for the Pharaoh
- High Priest of Heliopolis
Narmer Palette
- An artifact discovered at the site of Hierakonpolis
- Its two sides show the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmer
- It was the first piece of writing
- Depicted Narmer holding a mace in a smiting position
Palermo Stone
- One of seven known fragments of the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom
- Housed in Palermo, Italy
- Carved ca. 2300 BC
- List years and major events in the kings' reigns up until the 5th Dynasty
- First indication of kings we have
Horus
- Egyptian falcon-headed sun god
- Also considered to be a living king
- Is the resurrected Osiris on Earth
- Son of Isis and Osiris
- Has many forms: Horus of Morning, etc.
Geb
- Egyptian Earth god
- Created by Shu and Tefnut
- Portrayed with Nut as a long male human-like figure lying down on the floor
Shu
- Egyptian god of air
- Most important god in Coffin Texts
Nut
- Egyptian goddess of the sky
Hekau
- Stems from the goddess Heka, who is the goddess of magic and magical words
Userkaf
- 5th Dynasty King
- Ruled for 7 years
- Built the Solar Temple
- Was the grandson of Djedefre
- Married the daughter of Menkaure
Manners of Studying Egypt
- Philological: the study of literature and language
- Historical
- Art-Historical: Looking at the art from period to period
Horodotus
- Greek historian known as the "father of history."
- Lived in the 5th century BC
- Provided information on the Egyptian process of mummification
- His accounts, however, are not 100% trustworthy
- Provided information on Nitocris
Watihamamat
The location where the Egyptians used to retrieve materials for dark granite sarcophagi
Rosetta Stone
- Was a huge slab of stone that was inscribed with a thank-you to the Pharaoh Ptolemy V for relieving Egyptian priests from paying certain taxes
- Pink Aswan granite
- The two languages on the stone are Egyptian and Greek
- The three kinds of writing on t
The 4 Kinds of Egyptian Writing
- Hieroglyphs (Sacred Carvings): Pictographic writing
- Hieratic: Formal cursive
- Demotic: Less formal cursive; the type of writing the people could understand
- Coptic: Greek characters with Egyptian pronunciation
Osiris
- Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
- Considered a corn god that signifies everything organic and rebirth
- God of resurrection
Anubis
- God of mummification and the dead
- Would accompany you to the world of the dead
- Guardian of the necropolis
- Conducts "Weighing of the Heart" Ceremony
- His name means "he who is on his hill
Amarna Period
- The period when the Egyptian capital was in Amarna
- Akhenaten and Nefertiti were the ruling couple at the time
- This period signified an artistic change when the art style was more realistic
- Family pictures were never depicted until this 17-year per
Scarabs
- Symbols of rebirth and renewal
- They lay their eggs in feces and roll them into a ball until the scarabs are born
The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony
- The most important ritual during mummification
- This ceremony was held just before the ceremony
- Meant to enable the deceased to speak to the gods
- Enabled the mummy's senses to return so that they could eat, speak, and breathe in the afterlife
Stela
- The possible inspiration for tombstones
- A tablet with a record of a king's accomplishments
Weighing of the Heart Ceremony
- The ceremony that Egyptians believed decided whether a person's soul moved onto the afterlife.
- Anubis would provide a scale in which one side would bear the heart and the other the feather of Ma-at
- If the heart was heavier than the feather, a creatu
Thoth
- God of wisdom
- Knew astrology, astronomy, magic, and maths
- Ibis-headed
- Invented writing
Ma'at
- Reflected continuity, justice, and righteousness
- Represented in the form of a female goddess
- Most important goddess right next to Isis
- Wears an ostrich feather on her head
Ancient Chronology
- Predynastic Period
- Archaic Period
- Old Kingdom
- First Intermediate Period
- Middle Kingdom
- Second Intermediate Period
- New Kingdom
- Transition to Late Period
- Late Period
- Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) Period
Serekh
- Indication of name of king
- Representation of the palace
Cartouche
- An oval shape inside which a pharaoh's name was inscribed in hieroglyphics
- Often seen on tomb walls
Isis
- Wife of Osiris
- Mother of Horus
- Embodiment of motherhood
- Goddess of magic
Seth
- Murderer of Osiris
- Usurper of the throne
- Defeated by Horus
- Represents existential evil that is ever-present and cannot be destroyed
Hedjet
- The white crown of Upper Egypt
- Looks similar to a bowling pin
Deshret
- The red crown of Lower Egypt
Pschent/Shemty
- The double crown of the two lands
- We've never found one
The Flail and Crook
- Implements of leadership
- Carried by every pharaoh
- Symbol of discipline and guidance
Wedjat
- The eye of the Egyptian falcon-god Horus, a powerful amulet
- Meant to symbolize the eye Horus lost during the fight with Seth and restored by Thoth
- Is the inspiration for the Rx symbol on prescriptions
Nekbet of El Kab
- Vulture goddess
- Symbolized Upper Egypt
Wadjet of Buto
- Cobra goddess
- Symbolized Lower Egypt
Napoleon's Trip to Egypt
- May 19, 1798- Napoleon begins his campaign in Egypt which included 400 ships and a total of 36,000 men
Unas
- His pyramid held the Pyramid Texts
- Last king of the 5th Dynasty
- We have his causeway
Mentuhotep I
- Founded the Middle Kingdom
- Unified the 2 lands of Egypt
- 50-year reign
- Mentuhotep means the "god of war is pleased"
- 11th Dynasty king after the 1st Intermediate Period
Pepi II
- Last Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom and 6th Dynasty
- Ruled for 94 years
- Longest serving monarch in the history of the world
- Came to power when he was 4
Djedefre
- Built his burial site (the Lost Pyramid) at Abu-Rowwash
- 4th Dynasty Pharaoh
- Built a boat pit for his father, Khufu
- Reigned at least 20 years
- Not much information known about him until 7 years ago
- Grandson of Sneferu
Nitocris
- Ruled about 2 years
- Avenged murder of her brother
- Commit suicide by suffocating herself in a room of ashes
- Supposedly first queen to rule Egypt
Seventy kings in seventy days.
- A term referring to Manetho's list of Egyptian kings
- Manetho claimed there were 70 kings in 70 days during the 1st Intermediate Period
- Manetho was a priest
- Refers to Dynasties 7-10
Hetepheres
- Wife of Sneferu
- Mother of Khufu
- 4th Dynasty queen
- Daughter of Huni
- We've discovered her canopic chest
Khnum
- Ram-headed god
- Depicted at a potter's wheel
- Maker of men
- Also known as the Greek god Hephaestus
Menkaure
- Came after Khufu
- Built the third and smallest pyramid at Giza
- Son of Khafre
- His daughter married Userkaf
Narmer
- the 1st pharaoh
- wore the double crown
- United Upper and Lower Egypt
- Depicted on Narmer's Palette holding a mace in a smiting position
- His name is represented as "roaring catfish" with a chisel
The Coffin Texts
- Democratized death in Egypt because they weren't just for royalty
- Written on inside and outside of coffin
- Written on wood
- Contain spells to aid deceased in the next life
- Apart from the Pyramid Texts, provided the foundations for the Books of the
The Dispute of a Man with His Ba
- Considered Wisdom Literature
- An Egyptian Middle Kingdom Text
- The man wishes to die in order to avoid living his life
- The Ba encourages him to remain living and even threatens to live due to his complaints
The Prophecies of Neferti
- One of the Lamentations
- Written during Amenemhet I's reign
- Takes place in the 4th dynasty during Sneferu's reign
- Indicative of how awful 1st Intermediate Period was in terms of morality
- Meant to glorify Amenemhet I
- Leningrad Papyrus
- Propagan
The Satire of the Trades
- Instruction Literature
- Middle Kingdom literature
- Advice from a father to his son
- Details that the life of a scribe is ideal
The Sun Kings
- 5th Dynasty
- Khafre
- Djedefre
- Sun Temples
- Userkaf starts this legacy
- Unas ends it
Weni
- Became popular under Pepi I
- Started as a commoner and became a governor
- Became a judge as well
- Proved Weret-Imtes guilty
Weret-Imtes
- Part of a conspiracy on Pepy I's life
- Sentenced to death and was impaled on a stake
- Judged by Weni
- Wife of Pepy I
Turin Papyrus
- List of 300 kings
- Housed in Turin, Italy
- One of the longer records
- Provides a list of Egyptian kings
- Similar to other historical records such as the Abydos List
Lamentations
- A form of Egyptian literature
- 11th-12th Dynasty
- About 1st Intermediate Period
- Included themes such as famine, chaos, the troubles the people faced
- Ameny was a character in one of these Lamentations
- Contains propaganda pieces
Amenemhet I
- Sehetepibre
- First ruler of the 12th Dynasty
- Vizier of Mentuhotep III
- Was originally a commoner
- Reigned from 1991-1962 BC
- 30-year reign
- Starred in the Prophecies of Neferti
- Father of Sensuret I
- Progenitor of the kings of Dynasty 12
- Art
Sensuret I
- Kheperkaure
- Ruled from 1971-1926 BC
- 12th Dynasty King
- Son of Amenemhet I
- Wrote the Admonitions of Amenemhet I which was the account of how Amenemhet was assassinated
- Built 13 mudbrick forts in Nubia and collected taxes at them
- Had a pyramid
Amenemhet II
- Nubkaure
- Reigned from 1929-1895 BC
- 12th Dynasty King
- Sent an expedition to Punt
- Had royal gifts exchanged with Biblos and Lebanon
- Traded with Crete, Biblos, and Levante
- Had a pyramid at Dashur made out of mudbrick
- Set up a co-regency with
Sensuret II
- Khakheperre
- Reigned from 1897-1878 BC
- 12th Dynasty King
- Expanded culture in the Fayum area
- Put the entrance to his pyramid in the W@est
- His chief queen was Nofret
- Pyramid at Lahun made out of mudbrick
- His daughter was Princess Sit Hathor Y
Sensuret III
- 12th Dynasty King
- Khakhaure
- Reigned from 1878-1841 BC
- Most well-known pharaoh visually
- Was 6'6
- Coordinated the construction of the Bahr Yusuf canal
- Was described by Manetho as a great warrior
- Divided the country administratively into three
Amenemhet III
- 12th Dynasty King
- Reigned from 1842-1797 Bc
- Nymaatre
- Was carved into a copper bust, the first we see in Egypt
- Pyramid at Dashur
- Built a 2nd pyramid at Hawara
- His tomb has no entrance
Amenemhet IV
- 12th Dynasty King
- Reigned from 1798-1786 BC
- Maakherure
- We don't know much information about him
- Believed to have died young
- Was the second to last pharaoh of the 12th dynasty
Queen Sobekneferu
- 12th Dynasty Queen
- Sobekkare
- Reigned from 1785-1782 BC
- Not much information is known about her
- She is the last ruler of the 12th dynasty
- May have a burial at Dashur
- Believed to have a short reign
- The fact that a woman was the last reigning
Princess Sit Hathor Vunet
- Lived in the 12th Dynasty
- Daughter of Amenemhet II
- We found her jewelry
- Her tomb was robbed, but a grave robber had hidden her jewelry in the wall to return to later, but evidently didn't
- A crowned headdress made out of gold with the rheas on it
Nefru-Ptah
- Daughter of Sensuret I
- Found in a shaft tomb
- Was liquified in her sarcophagus because the water table was high
- We found her jewelry
The Great Pyramid
- 13th parallel
- Perfectly set on North-South-East-West axis
- Aligned with the polar star, Draconis (Polaris)
- The alignment leads us to believe it may have been built at around 2123 BC or 3440 BC
- The base perimeter is refined to pi - 3.14159
- The p
Hor
- 13th Dynasty king
- Reigned at around 1760 BC
- Ruled for a few months
- Has a ka statue made out of wood
- Had a poor burial
- Blue eyes
Hyksos
- Known as the foreign kings, shepherd kings, and desert kings
- They ruled during the 15th Dynasty
- They had their capital at Avaris (Tell el Daba) in the Delta
- Introduced horses and the chariot to Egypt
- Believed in three gods: Seth, Reshep (storm g
Tao II
- 17th Dynasty king
- Seqenenre
- Father of Khamose and Ahmose
- Received a letter from Apepi II that said his hippopotami were making too much noise and needed to be silenced and so he went to war
- Progenitor of kings of the 18th Dynasty
- Whacked in th
Khamose
- 18th Dynasty King
- Son of Tao II
- Went to war against the Hyksos in order to avenge his father
- Failed
- Has a stele telling of his attempts to defeat the Hyksos
Ahmose
- 18th Dynasty king
- Nebpehtyre
- Reigned from 1570-1546
- Drove the Hyksos out of Egypt entirely
- Reunified Egypt
- Extended the Egyptian border as far as Syria
- The first thing he did during his reign was honor his grandmother, Tetes-Heri, and his mo
Amenhotep I
- 18th Dynasty king
- Reigned from 1551-1524
- Djeserkare
- His name means "Amun is Pleased"
- Son of Ahmose
- Went down to the 3rd Cataract and launched an expedition there
- Separated his mortuary temple from his grave
- Started building at the Karnak T
Thutmosis I
- 18th Dynasty King
-Akheperkare
- Reigned from 1524-1518
- Was a military man
- Married the daughter of Ahmose who was named ahmose
- Had a series of battle campaigns within a 6-year reign
- His sons, Wadjmose and Amenmose, died young
- Hatshepsut was hi
Thutmosis II
- 18th Dynasty king
- Akheperenre
- Reigned from 1518-1504
- Born from Thutmosis I and a subsidiary wife named Mutnepheret, who was Ahmose's sister, the Great Queen of Thutmosis I
- Was very good as a placeholder pharaoh
- Had a successor, Tuthmosis III,
Hatshepsut
- 18th Dynasty Queen (King?)
- Born from Thutmosis I and Ahmose
- Married Thutmosis II, her half-brother, when she was around 12 at the time
- Didn't really like Thutmosis II
- Regent to Tuthmosis III who was too young to rule when Thutmosis II passed
- W
Senenmut
- Architect of Hatshepsut's funerary temple
- 2 dozen titles
- Tutor to Hatshepsut's royal daughter, Neferu-Re
- Had his tomb just outside of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple
- Was given Hatshepsut's sarcophagus
Teti
- 6th Dynasty king
- Married Unas' daughter
- Was the first assassinated pharaoh
Amenhotep III
- Used commemorative scarabs like tweets
- Married Queen Tiye who was not royalty
- Had the Marriage Scarab, the Wild-Bull Scarab, the Lion-Hunt Scarab, and the Foreign-Marriage Scarab
- Built Queen Tiye the Malkata Palace
- 18th Dynasty King
- Worked on
Queen Tiye
- Wife of Amenhotep III
- 18th Dynasty queen
- Daughter of Yuya and Tuya
- Had the Malkata Palace built for her
- Had a very determined expression
Yuya and Tuya
- Parents of Queen Tiye
- Lived during the 18th Dynasty
- Were blond
- Grandparents of Akhenaten
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)
- Son of Amenhotep III
- Briefly ruled as Amenhotep III's co-regent
- In the 5th year of his reign he changed his name to Akhenaten
- When his statue was first discovered, Egyptologists were unsure as to whether he was male or female
- He banned every god
Nefertiti
- Wife of Akhenaten
- 18th Dynasty queen
- Mother of 6 daughters
- There is a bust of Nefertiti in the Berlin Museum
- There was another bust made out of jasper that was destroyed
Meretaten
- One of Akhenaten's daughters
- Had an elongated skull shape
- Many claim that it could have been a result of skull binding
Immanuel Velikovsky
- Wrote "Oedipus and Akhenaten"
- Discovered that King Tut actually came from the 13th Century BC
- Presented a theory that Oedipus is actually based off of Akhenaten
Tutankhamen
- 18th Dynasty King
- Was originally named Tutankhaten
- Son of Akhenaten
- Born in Amarna
- Had an elongated head
- Had a small tomb
- Had a camp bed that folded
- Had 3 nested coffins
- Took the throne at around 9-years old
- Married his half-sister, An
Ay
- Grandfather of King Tut
- Father of Nefertiti
- Grandfather of Ankhesenamen
- Married Ankhesenamen
- Reigned for 4 years
- Advisor to King Tut
Horemheb
- 18th Dynasty King
- Was a general when Akhenaten reigned
- Deputy to King Tut
- Had a tomb in Saqqara as a general, but a tomb in the Valley of Kings as pharaoh
- Married Nutnjrmt, Nefertiti's sister
- Restored the temples
- Didn't have any kids when he
Rameses I
- 19th Dynasty king
- His mummy disappeared because someone had bought it
- Most likely chosen to become king because he had a son who had sons, which meant there would be continuity
- Had red hair
- Married Sitre
Seti I
- 19th Dynasty king
- Son of Rameses I
- Had red hair
- His son was Rameses II
- Would go to the Abydos List once a year to pray for all of the kings
- Went to Kadesh
- May be responsible for the Hypostyle Hall in the Temple of Amun
- Built the Osireion a
Rameses II
- 19th dynasty king
- Istnofret was his first wife
- Nefertari was his second wife
- Had 100 children
- His son was Amenhirkhopshef from Nefertari
- His son was Khaemwaset from Istnofret
- His successor was Merneptah, his 13th son
- Traveled with Seti I t
Khaemwaset
- 19th Dynasty
- Son of Rameses II and Istnofret
- Rameses II's second son
- Best known for trying to identify which kings were in which pyramid
Merneptah
- 19th Dynasty King
- 13th son of Rameses II
- Had 3 nested sarcophagi
Queen Twosret
- 19th Dynasty queen
- In her tomb a box with silver gloves was found
- Not very well-liked
- Her tomb was taken by Setnakhte
Setnakhte
- Assumed he was a strong
- Perhaps a general
- Lasted 3 years as king
- Took Twosret's tomb
Ramesses III
- The Great Harris Papyrus was filled with details about his reign
- Built the Medinet Habu which means "united in eternity"
- Was assassinated by one of his wives who wanted her son to be king
- His son was Prince Pentaware who was strangled to death
- W