Which of the following is a definition of bioavailability?
A. The amount of a nutrient in a food or supplement
B. The percentage of a nutrient in a food or a supplement that is absorbed and thus can be used by the body
C. The amount of a nutrient in a foo
B
Which of the following is an active cofactor form of vitamin B1?
A. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
B. Thiamine hydrochloride (THCl)
C. Thiamine hydroxide (TOH)
D. Thiamine (T)
A. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Which of the following is a form of vitamin B3?
A. Nicotinamide
B. Niacin
C. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
D. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
E. All are forms of vitamin B3
E
Coenzyme A (CoA) is the active form of which vitamin?
A. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
B. Vitamin B3 (niacin)
C. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
D. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
D. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Niacin deficiency causes diarrhea, dementia, death, and what other problem?
A. Degeneration of the spinal cord
B. Goiter
C. Pellagra Dermatitis
D. Osteoporosis
E. Xerophthalmia
C. Pellagra Dermatitis
Which micronutrient is important for the production of energy (i.e. ATP)?
A. Biotin (B7)
B. Pantothenic acid (B5)
C. Thiamine (B1)
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D
Which of the following is a form of thiamine deficiency?
A. Wet beri beri
B. Dry beri beri
C. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
D. All of the above
E. A and B, but not C
D
The vitamin which the body can synthesize from the essential amino acid tryptophan is...
A. Vitamin B6
B. Niacin
C. Riboflavin
D. Thiamine
B. Niacin
Biotin binds with what enzyme that is then used in protein catabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and gluconeogenesis?
A. Hydrogenase
B. Dehydrogenase
C. Transketolase
D. Carboxylase
D. Carboxylase
Supplements of which vitamin have recently been shown to reduce blood pressure in individuals with a variant polymorphism in the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677TT)?
A. Folate
B. Riboflavin
C. Niacin
D. Thiamine
B. Riboflavin
What kind of anemia is caused by folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies?
A. Microcytic anemia
B. Macrocytic anemia
C. Hemolytic anemia
D. Sickle cell anemia
B. Macrocytic anemia
Vitamin B12 supplements are converted by the body into these two activecofactor forms of vitamin B12...
A. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxycobalamin
B. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin
C. Methyltetrahydrofolate and N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
D. Dihydr
B. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin
Which of the following is a possible consequence of folate deficiency?
A. Macrocytic anemia
B. Neural tube defects (NTDs)
C. Hyperhomocysteinemia
D. All of the above
E. A and B, but not C
D. All of the above
Which of the following should a vegan consume to obtain vitamin B12?
A. Beef
B. Milk
C. Fish
D. Vitamin B12 supplement
E. None of the above. A vegan has enough B12 stored in their body to last a lifetime.
D. Vitamin B12 supplement
When determining total dietary and supplement intake of folate, we use"dietary folate equivalents" or "DFEs". Why do we do this?
A. Because folate in foods is more bioavailable than folic acid from supplements
B. Because folic acid from supplements is mor
B. Because folic acid from supplements is more bioavailable than folate in foods
What is the active cofactor form of vitamin B6?
A. Pyridoxine
B. Pyridoxal
C. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate
D. 4-Pyridoxic acid
C. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate
What is pernicious anemia?
A. Severe thiamine deficiency caused by alcoholism that impairs absorption of dietary thiamine in the small intestine
B. Severe folate deficiency caused by malabsorption of dietary folate in the small intestine
C. Severe vitamin
D
What substance found in liver is used to treat pernicious anemia?
A. Iron
B. Folate
C. Vitamin B6
D. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin B12
Which of the following proteins does NOT bind vitamin B12 and assist withabsorption and transport?
A. R protein
B. Intrinsic factor
C. Transcobalamin
D. Pepsin
D. Pepsin
What vitamin converts superoxide anions ("bad oxygen") to hydrogenperoxide ("not so bad oxygen")?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B1
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin C
What disease in British sailors was cured by feeding them lemons and limes?
A. Rickets
B. Pellagra
C. Scurvy
D. Xerophthalmia
C. Scurvy
What vitamin did we add to the food supply in the mid-1990s to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?
A. Folic acid
B. Tetrahydrofolate
C. N5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
D. N5-Methyltetrahydrofolate
E. N5-Formyltetrahydrofolate
A. Folic acid
Which is correct about the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?
A. They cross the intestinal cell and directly enter the blood alone
B. They cross the intestinal cell and directly enter the blood in chylomicrons
C. They cross the intestinal cell and direct
D
The Golden Rices are genetically modified to reduce the incidence of primary vitamin A deficiency in non industrialized countries by increasing their content of...
A. Retinol
B. Beta-carotene
C. Lutein
D. Lycopene
B. Beta-carotene
Vitamin A deficiency causes what disease?
A. Degeneration of the spinal cord
B. Goiter
C. Pellagra Dermatitis
D. Osteoporosis
E. Xerophthalmia
E. Xerophthalmia
What kind of anemia is caused by vitamin E deficiency?
A. Microcytic anemia
B. Macrocytic anemia
C. Hemolytic anemia
D. Sickle cell anemia
C. Hemolytic anemia
Vitamin C and vitamin E are both...
A. Water-soluble vitamins
B. Fat-soluble vitamins
C. Antioxidants
D. Synthesized in cells
C. Antioxidants
Toxicity is a concern for all of the fat-soluble vitamins except...
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin K
The conversion of clotting proteins prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin for successful blood clotting requires which vitamin?
A. Vitamin E
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin K
Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B6
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin D
Which of the following is the active form of vitamin D?
A. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
B. 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)
C. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
D. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
B. 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)
In children, deficiency of vitamin D or calcium leads to what disease?
A. Osteopenia
B. Osteoporosis
C. Rickets
D. All of the above
E. A and B, but not C
C. Rickets
Many people in the United States have insufficient or deficient vitamin D status. Which of the following could contribute to low vitamin D status in a person?
A. Daily use of sunscreen
B. Dark skin color
C. Low consumption of dairy products
D. Old age
E.
E. All of the above
Calcium level in your blood has decreased. In response, your parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which of the following will occur in response to PTH?
A. Calcium will be released from your bones
B. Calcium excretion in your urine will de
E. All of the above
Drinking lots of cola on a daily basis could decrease bone density and increase one's risk of bone fractures. Which mineral found in colas could be responsible for this?
A. Phosphorus
B. Selenium
C. Iron
D. Vitamin B12
A. Phosphorus
In adults, deficiency of vitamin D or calcium leads to what disease?
A. Osteopenia
B. Osteoporosis
C. Rickets
D. All of the above
E. A and B, but not C
E. A and B, but not C
Calcium and phosphorus are mineral components of what compound that is the primary component of bone?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Osteoclasts
C. Hydroxyapatite
D. Rickets
C. Hydroxyapatite
Which of the following inhibits absorption of calcium?
A. Oxalates in green vegetables, tea, and cocoa
B. Phytates in whole grains and nuts
C. Vitamin D in dairy products
D. All of the above
E. A and B, but not C
E. A and B, but not C
Phosphorus level in your blood has increased. In response your thyroid gland produces calcitonin. Which of the following will occur in response to calcitonin?
A. Phosphorus uptake into bones is stimulated
B. Uptake of phosphorus by the kidneys is reduced
D. All of the above
Peak bone mass in people is typically achieved when?
A. During puberty
B. Around 20-25 years of age
C. Around 50-55 years of age
D. Around 70-75 years of age
B. Around 20-25 years of age
If a person is lactose intolerant, what would be good dietary sources of calcium?
A. Milk
B. Fish
C. Eggs
D. Tomatoes
B. Fish
The active form of vitamin D induces the expression of what protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cell?
A. Calbindin
B. Calcitriol
C. Ergocalciferol
D. Cholecalciferol
A. Calbindin
Why are newborn babies given a vitamin K shot?
A. Because they have low vitamin K stores at birth.
B. They have little or no bacterial production of vitamin K in their large intestine.
C. There are typically low levels of vitamin K in breast milk.
D. All
D. All of the above.