The term anatomy refers to the study of the structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another while the term physiology refers to a branch of science concerning the functions of organisms and bodily structures.
true
the production of speech relies on each of the following systems:
Phonatory, respiratory, Articulatory
the articulatory system modulates airflow to convert energy into sound.
false
The pharynx, larynx, and trachea compose which system:
Phonatory
The lower respiratory system is composed of all of the following
bronchi, diaphragm, lungs
Main sound generator for speech, prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs
larynx
Change in size and shape and allow us to breathe
lungs
A laryngeal cartilage that protects the inner components of the larynx
thyroid cartilage
A muscular hydrostat that is essential for manipulating airflow to produce speech sounds
tongue
Prevents air/food from escaping through the nose, necessary to build up air pressure for production of pressure sounds
velum
Contracts during inspiration, pulling down and forward, increasing lung volume
diaphragm
Reflexive breathing to sustain life with relatively equal duration of inspiration and expiration.
resting tidal breathing
Voluntary and active control to create short inspiration and longer expiration of air.
speech breathing
The mandible, maxilla, tongue and teeth are examples of structures primarily involved in the articulatory system.
true
he loudness of conversational speech is around 60dB.
true
Fundamental frequency for men is around __________ Hz, women around _________ Hz, and children can be up to ____________ Hz.
125, 250, 500
____________ is the quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral and nasal cavities.
resonance
velopharyngeal dysfunction is the failure of the velopharyngeal mechanism to separate the _________ and __________ cavities during speech and swallowing.
oral, nasal
________________ can occur when there is a blockage somewhere in the nasopharynx or nasal cavity, causing an insufficient amount of nasal resonance
hyponasality
______________ is the preferred treatment for neurological or idiopathic spasmodic dysphonia
injection of botox
A _________ is an abnormal opening in an anatomical structure caused by a failure of the structures to fuse or merge correctly early in embryonic development
cleft
Voice symptoms of Parkinson's Disease include
mono pitch, mono loudness, breathiness
An otolaryngologist will determine whether a voice disorder has an organic basis through direct observation of the vocal folds. He/she will do this using which instrument?
endoscope
Select the behaviors that promote good vocal hygiene.
Avoid excessive throat clearing or coughing.
Try to limit yelling and screaming.
Drink plenty of fluids; stay hydrated.
Avoid excessive throat clearing or coughing.
Function words are the "helping" words in a sentence (i.e., articles, conjunctions, and transition terms) and content words are the "meaningful" words (e.g., nouns, verbs).
false
Neurogenic stuttering usually occurs on content words.
false
What is NOT an example of a disfluency?
facial grimacing
he _________________ theory of stuttering asserts that stuttering is a learned response to conditions external to the individual while the _________________ theory of stuttering contends that stuttering is a neurotic symptom. The ________________ theory o
behavioral, psychological, organic
In most cases, stuttering first appears between the ages of ________________.
2 to 4 years, and child may be unaware of the stuttering
____________ is a fluency shaping technique that aims to reduce speech rate; the slowing of speech rate is accompanied by a substantial decrease in stuttering.
prolonged speech
______________ is a fluency shaping technique that lengthens naturally occurring pauses and adds pauses while ___________ is a fluency shaping technique that reduces speech rate and physical tension before and during occurrences of stuttering, promoting s
pausing/phrasing, light articulatory contacts
n ____________ the individual prepares to use fluency producing strategies before attempting the word.
preparatory sets
Stuttering intervention across all age groups results in an average improvement for about _________ of all cases, with preschool-age children improving more quickly than people who have a longer history with stuttering.
70%
How are consonant sounds classified?
place, manner, voicing
How are spoken vowels classified?
tongue and lip position and tension
True or False: Children learn single consonants sounds before they begin to learn consonant clusters.
false
True or False: Children learn speech sounds through stages of babbling using phonetically consistent forms in the most advanced stages before producing real words
true
______________ is the structure of speech sounds in language, while ______________ is the neuromotor coordination ofmuscles and structures to actually say sounds, words, and sentences.
phonology, articulation
Errors typically associated with articulation disorders include all of the following except:
multiplications
Speech intelligibility refers to:
how easy it is to understand and individual
true or False: Spanish speakers who confuse the English sound /d/ for a voiced "th" sound have a speech sound disorder. For example the word "they" sounds like "day.
false
Which disorder is associated with speech sound disorders?
cognitive impairment, language impairment, hearing loss
Sound is a series of compressions and _______________ that move outward from a vibrating source.
rarefactions
The _______________ make(s) up the peripheral auditory system.
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
the outer ear consists of the pinna and the ____________
external auditory meatus
The footplate of the stapes rests against the _____________, a membrane that marks the entrance to the inner ear.
oval window
Sarah is a 2.5 year old who has otitis media with effusion - a middle ear infection - which fills the middle ear cavity with fluid making it difficult to hear. She is in a lot of pain and is restless.
conductive hearing loss
Jimmy is 65 years old. He used to attend a lot of rock concerts when he was younger and didn't worry about ear protection. Now, he has difficulty hearing in places with a lot of background noise like restaurants and when the TV is on.
sensorineural hearing loss
Colleen is an 18 year old college student. She was born with Waardenburg syndrome, but recently noticed pain in her left ear. Her doctor said she has impacted cerumen further contributing to her hearing loss.
mixed hearing loss
School age, adolescent, and college-age students are at risk for ___________________
noise-induced hearing loss
_____________ is used for selection, manipulation, and presentation of stimuli during hearing assessments.
audiometer
in ____________________, the audiologist presents a stimulus through a loudspeaker and observes a child's reaction.
behavioral observation audiometry
Speech disorder
involving respiration, phonation, or articulation
Language disorder
involving form, content, or use
transmission
voice; fluency and stuttering; speech sound disorders
reception
audiology and hearing loss
abduction
the state in which the vocal folds are open (at rest). required for respiration
adduction
the state in which the vocal folds are closed (active). allows for phonation. safety mechanism for swallowing
Frequency and pitch
determined by mass, length, and tension
Males F0
80-150 hz
females f0
180-250 hz
children f0
250-300 hz, up to 500 hz
hz
cycles per sound
frequency
the rate of vocal fold vibration, expressed as cycles per second, or hertz
intensity
sound pressure, reported in decibels
What affects voice?
vocal folds functioning
vocal misue
structural abnormalities (nodules and nodes)
neurological influences
laryngectomy
developmental stuttering
acquired during childhood
neurogenic stuttering
acquired after childhood; caused by some form of brain damage
psychogenic stuttering
caused by psychological factors
developmental stuttering is
content words
neurogenic stuttering is
function words
indirect approaches
For children just beginning to stutter; mild
Provide a slow, relaxed speech model; play-oriented activities
Goal: Facilitate fluency through environmental manipulation
direct approaches
For children stuttering at least a year; mod-severe
Explicit attempts to modify speech
"Hard" and "easy" speech
Strategies to increase easy speech and change from hard to easy speech
fluency shaping
Prolonged speech
Light articulatory contacts and gentle voicing onsets
Pausing/Phrasing
Response-contingent stimulation
stuttering modification
Cancellation phase
Pull-out phase
Preparatory sets
Common articulation errors
Substitution
omissions
distortions
additions
chronicity
how long hearing loss is present. short term, fluctuating, permanent, progressive
timing
when hearing loss first occurred. congenital vs. acquired
age of onset
(prelingual vs. post lingual)
cause
genetic, infection, environmental/occupational
impairment
physical problem with legs
disability
don't function in the same way
handicap
can't participate in certain activities (situational)
conductive hearing loss
when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer or middle ear, the result is an attenuating, or reduction of that sound heard. usually temporary. Can still hear some sounds through bone conduction. feeling of plugged ears, but can still hear own
conductive hearing loss causes
malformation of the outer and middle ear (example: microtia, atresia)
underdeveloped or missing ossicles
wax build up
otitis media (ear infection)
sensorineural hearing loss
the most common type of hearing loss.
results from damage to the cochlea or the auditor nerve that travels from the cochlea to the brain
decreases in overall loudness, speech perception and ability to distinguish speech from background noise
usually heari
sensorineural hearing loss causes
genetics and heredity (ex: aplasia or dysplasia)
pregnancy related
exposure to ototoxic medications
disease (ex: German measles, CMV, meningitis, acoustic neuroma)
noise-induced
presbycusis (age-related)
mixed hearing loss
when both conductive and sensorineural loss exist. Typically includes a permanent reduction of sound as well as additional temporary loss of hearing from the conductive component