phonetics
production, transmission and reception of a sound
what we see, here, and perceive
science of speech sounds
phonotactic constraints
the phoneme use is restricted
the phonemes are not used in all possible word positions
the 3 A's of phonetics
articulatory
auditory
acoustic
articulatory phonetics
the study of the production of speech sounds
documents phones according to specific parameters (manner and voicing)
articulatory phonetics categorizes and classifies the production features of speech sounds by using 4 processes:
respiratory
phonatory
resonatory
articulatory
auditory phonetics
the study of the perception of speech sounds
acousitic phonetics
how sounds are transmitted (sound waves)
cognates
phonemes that differ only in voicing
/p/ and /b/
sonority
the loudness of a sound relative to that of other sounds with the same length, stress, and pitch
consonant clusters related to sonority
falling /st/
rising /pl/
level /xth/
sonorant
vowels or consonants that demonstrate more relative loudness compared to other sounds with the same length, stress, and pitch
(all vowels)
sonorant consonants
nasals, liquids, glides
obstruent consonants
stops, fricatives, affricates
syllabics
a consonant that functions as a syllable nucleus
passive articulators
upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, pharyx, epiglottis, and glottis
active articulators
bottom lip, tongue, and uvula
What is place of articulation?
the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract
places of articulation
bilabial
labiodental
dental
alveolar
post-alveolar
retroflex
palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
glottal
manners of articulation
plosive
nasal
trill
tap or flap
fricative
lateral fricative
approximant
lateral approximant
nonpulmonic consonants
clicks
voiced implosives
ejectives
voicing
presence or absence of vocal fold vibration
portion of the tongue
(front, central, back)
tip/appex
blade
front
back/dorsum
root
tongue position relative to the palate
(high, mid, low)
dorsal/velar
apical/alveolar
laminal post-alveolar
monophthongs
a pure vowel
diphthong
vowels sound that chnages qualitatively during its production
switching from one vowel to another
onglide vs. offglide
onglide: initial segment, acoustically more prominent and usually longer than the offglide
offglide: end portion
rising diphthong
gliding movement of tongue moves from lower to higher articulatory position
common in General American English
low onglide to high offglide
falling diphthong
high onglide to low offglide
stress is on the onglide
rhotic diphthong
r-colored vowel
coarticulation
phones next to each other that influence each other
articulators are continually moving into position for other segments
assimilation (harmony)
adaptive articulatory change by which one speech sound becomes similar or identical to a neighboring sound segment
makes adjacent sounds similar
4 assimiliation processes
labial
velar
nasal
liquid
labial assimilation
occurs when a non-labial phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation
fwing for swing
velar assimilation
occurs when a non-velar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to the presence of a velar phoneme elsewhere in the word
gog for dog
nasal assimilation
A non-nasal sound becomes a nasal because of the influence of another nasal in the word
munny for bunny
liquid assimilation
the influence of a liquid on a non-liquid sound
lellow for yellow
reduplication
repeating a whole syllable e.g. 'dada' and 'mama'
denasalization
The replacement of nasals by homorganic stops.
doze for nose
progressive assimilation
A segment influences a following sound
regressive assimilation
A segment influences a preceding sound
total assimilation
adjacent segments become identical
partial assimilation
two sounds become similar in some way but not identical
syllable (onset, rime, nucleus, coda)
onset: consonant
rime: nucleus+coda
nucleus: vowel
coda: consonant
open syllable
doesn't have a coda
closed syllable
has a coda
the syllable in speech development
open syllable
singleton codas
bisyllabic words
the syllable production can be affected by:
1) the number of syllables in an utterance
2) the type of syllable (open/closed)
3) the degree of syllable stress (stressed/unstressed)
4) the number of consonants grouped together
4 airstreams
pulmonic
glottalic (laryngeal)
velaric (oralic)
esophageal
pulmonic airstream
flow of air from the lungs (generates sounds and oxygenates blood)
glottalic (laryngeal) airstream
air in the vocal tract
produce ejective and implosive stops
velaric (oralic) airstream
mouth air moved by the backward and downward movement of the tongue
used when producing clicks
esophageal airstream
loss the ability to use the vocal folds
swallowing air into the esophagus
egressive airflow
sounds produced with flow of air that moves outward
ingressive airflow
sounds produced with flow of air that moves inward
harsh, unnatural, and hard to maintain