Phonetics
the study of the articulatory and acoustic properties of phones. The study of how speech is produced and perceived.
What are the two liquids of English?
[l] and [r]
Affricate
A consonant characterized as having both a fricative and a stop manner of production.
monophthong
a vowel retaining the same quality throughout its duration
diphthong
a complex phone that begins with a vowel sound and then moves into another vowel sound or a glide.
manner of articulation
how the sound is produced, and how the airstream is modified in the vocal tract.
stop
a consonant characterized by (1) a complete obstruction of the outgoing airstream by the articulators and (2) a buildup of intraoral air pressure and (3) a release.
consonant
a speech sound produced with the vocal tract relatively constricted.
orthography
written language; a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols
How are sound waves produced (3 steps)?
Sound waves are produced by a complex interaction of (1) an outward flow of air from the lungs, (2)modifications of the airflow at the larynx, and (3) additional modifications of the airflow by position and movement of the tongue and other anatomical stru
pitch
the relative highness or lowness of a sound. It is determined by the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds.
Why is men's pitch usually lower than the pitch of women and children?
Mens' pitch is usually lower than the pitch of women and children because their vocal folds are larger in size, which causes them to have a lower frequency of vibration than those of women and children.
phonation
voicing; vibration of the vocal folds.
What are the English stops?
[p] [b] [t] [d] [g] [k]
Fricative
sound produced when airflow is forced through a narrow opening in the vocal tract so that noise produced by friction is created.
velar sound
any sound made by the tongue touching the velum
uvular sound
any sound made with the tongue touching the uvula
glottal sounds
produced when main constriction is at the glottis [h] and the glottal stop.
stricture
a restriction; how closely the speech organs approach one another.
Nasals
produced when velum is lowered, causing air to pass through nasal cavity instead of oral cavity. All nasals are voiced in English.
[m]
bilabial nasal
[n]
alveolar nasal
[p]
voiceless bilabial stop
[b]
voiced bilabial stop
[w]
bilabial glide
[f]
voiceless labiodental fricative
[v]
voiced labiodental fricative
What are the 4 parameters of vowels?
height (high v. low)
backness (front v. back)
lip rounding (rounded v. unrounded)
degree of vocal tract constriction (tense v. lax)
compression
crowding of air molecules
rarefaction
air molecules are spread apart.
sine wave
a periodic oscillation, as simple harmonic motion. A waveform of a single constant frequency and amplitude. "pure tone
amplitude
the strength at which the molecules pull or push away from eachother will determine how far above and below 0 the wave fluctuates.
-degree of loudness
-measured in dB