Phonetics
the study of the production & perception of speech sounds
I.P.A.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Phonology
systemic organization of speech sounds in the production of language
dialect
variation of speech or language based on geographical area, native lang., background, social/ ethnic group
phonetic alphabet
an alphabet that maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound & a particular alphabet letter
graphemes
printed letters
allographs
different letter sequences or patterns that represented the same sound
diagraphs
pairs of letters that represent one sound
morhpeme
smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
free morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone as a word
bound morpheme
morpheme that is bound to other words and carry no meaning when they stand alone
phoneme
an individual speech sound that's capable of differentiating morphemes and distinguishing meaning
minimal pair
words that vary by only one phoneme
diacritics
indicates an alternative way of producing a certain sound
suprasegmentals
symbols used to indicate the stress, intonation pattern, and tempo of any particular utterance in a lang.
allophones
variant pronunciation of a particular phoneme
complementary distribution
allophones that are not interchangeable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word
free variation
allophone production that is not linked to phonetic context and can be be exchanged for one another
syllable
basic building blocks of lang. composed of vowel and consonant letters
onset
all the consonants that precede a vowel
consonant cluster
2 or 3 contiguous consonants in the same syllable
rhyme
nucleus and coda
nucleus
a vowel
coda
single consonants or consonants clusters that follow the nucleus
open syllable
syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
closed syllable
syllables that end with a consonant phoneme (with a coda)
dipthong
an individual phoneme containing two vowels
canonical syllable
indicates how many consonants may occur both before and after the vowel nucleus in any one syllable
word/ lexical stress
increased emphasis in the production of one syllable
word class
part of speech
broad / phonetic transcription
phonemic transcription of speech indicted by the use of slash marks (virgules)
narrow/ allophonic transcription
transcription of speech using diacritics to indicate allophonic production and/ or suprasegmental aspects of speech; brackets used
systemic transcription
form of phonetic transcription that requires knowledge of the sound system of language prior to analysis; phonetic or allophonic
impressionistic transcription
allophonic transcription of an unknown speaker or an unknown language
thoracic cavity
chest cavity that expands in order to make room for lung expansion
diaphragm
muscle that separates abdominal cavity from thoracic cavity; diaphragm contracts , lowering, during inhalation
external intercostal muscles
located between ribs; helps diaphragm lower, expand rib cage, enlarges thoracic cavity, which creates extra space for inflating lungs
sternum
breast bone
internal intercostal muscles
lower rib cage
trachea
windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.
larynx
voice box; composed of mainly muscle and cartilage
hyoid bone
floating bone; only bone in human that does not attach to another bone
mandible
lower jaw
vocal folds
elastic folds of tissue, primarily composed of muscle
thyroid cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.
arytenoid cartilage
Two small cartilages in the larynx, the movements of which abduct and adduct the vocal folds
cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
glottis
space between the vocal folds
subglottal pressure
pressure below the vocal folds
Bernoulli Effect
Pressure is lower where flow speed is greater; causes vocal folds being sucked together
phonation
the vibration of the vocal folds in creation of a vocal sound
voiced sounds
are produced, in part by the vibrations of the vocal chords ("zzzzz")
voiceless sounds
produced without use of vocal folds ("sssss")
abduction
vocal folds remain apart during production of voiceless sounds
adduction
vocal folds are brought together
fundamental frequency
voice pitch in an individual
epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
pharynx
throat
vocal tract
network consisting of the larynx, pharynx, and the oral and nasal cavities
nasal cavity
nostrils (nares) continuing to the nasopharynx posteriorly
maxilla
upper jaw
mandible
lower jaw
labial sounds
phonemes associated with the lips
bilabial sounds
sounds produces with both lips (mothers, past, boy)
central incisors
top front teeth
dental (interdental)
phonemes that are produced by the tongue and the teeth
labiodental
pertaining to the lips and teeth
alveolar ridge
the gum ridge behind the upper teeth
alveolar phonemes
/d, l, n, s, z/
hard palate
roof of the mouth
Palatal phonemes
sounds produced in conjunction with palate and tongue "yes
Velum (soft palate)
muscular structure located directly posterior to the hard palate
velar sounds
tongue is near the soft palate (velum) "cat go ring
uvula
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
velopharyngeal closure
the upward and backward movement of the soft palate to make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall to close off the coupling of the oral and nasal cavities
oral phonemes
phonemes produced with a raised (closed) velum
nasal phonemes
phonemes produced with the velum lowered while mouth is closed (m, n, ng)
glottal sounds
sound made with an open glottis; (h)
tongue
major articulator in production of speech
lingual sounds
sounds produced with the tongue
tongue parts
root, arises from anterior wall of pharynx; apex, tip; blade, lies posterior to tip; body, posterior to blade (front and back); dorsum, entire tongue body
resonance
A phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency
vowels
phonemes that are produced without any appreciable constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract; 14 vowels sounds including a, e, i ,o , u
tongue height
how high or low in the oral cavity the tongue is when producing a particular vowel
tongue advancement
how forward or backward in the mouth that tongue is when producing a particular vowel
vowel quadrilateral
diagram representing the tongue positions of height and advancement for vowels
rounded
sounds produced in the back of the mouth; lips protruded ("moon")
unrounded
retracted; "mean
tense
vowels are longer in duration and require more muscular effort; i, e, o
lax
requires less muscular effort
monothongs
1 vowel sound; has 1 primary articulatory position in the vocal tract
dipthongs
has 2 distinct articulatory positions- one for each of the 2 vowels in the dipthong
onglide
first element of a diphthong
offglide
end element of a diphthong
nasalization
vowels may take on a nasal quality due to the phonemic environment of a word
point vowel
one of four extreme corner vowels of the vowel quadrilateral
r-colored vowel
[air] sound /er/: "stair"; /I/+ /r/
rhotacization
vowel is perceived as having an "r" quality or "r-coloring" associated with it
lowercase i: /i/
-high
- front
- unrounded/ retracted
- tense
"keep" "He
small capital I: /I/
-high (lower than i)
- front
-unrounded/ retracted
- lax
- Ir= "ear" "here"
-"ing"
-final unstressed y graphemes: "many"= "manI
front vowel tense/ lax
Te, La, Te, La, La
lower case e: /e/ /eI/
-high-mid
-front
- unrounded
- tense
/e/: ONLY in syllables NOT receiving primary stress= "REbate"
/eI/: (dipthong) in stressed syllables OR end of word= "aWAY" "bAby
epsilon
-low mid
- front
- unrounded
- lax
- does NOT occur in word final position
- "led" "edge"
- Er= "air" "hair
ash
-low
- front
- unrounded
- lax
- "axe" "cat"
- does NOT occur in final word position
- "ng"= "sang" "bang
lower case u: /u/
-high
- back
- rounded
- tense
- "toot" "through"
- can occur in final position
-/ju/= "few
upsilon
- high (lower than /u/)
- back
-rounded
- lax
- "look" "pull"
- ONLY in medial position
- +r= "tour" "lure
back vowel tense/ lax
Te, La, Te, Te, Te
lower case o: /o/
-high- mid
- back
- rounded
- tense
- unstressed / not word final
- "oBESE" "loCATION
lower case o+upsilon
-high- mid
- back, dipthong
- rounded
- tense
- stressed/ word final
- "vOTE" "beLOW
open o
?
- low-mid
- back
-rounded
-lax
- "saw" "haul" "caught" "dawn"
-varies by dialect
- +r= "fork" "born
script a: /a/
-low
- back, dipthong
- unrounded
- tense
- "not" "lot"
- +r= "bark "art
central vowel tense/ lax
La, La, Te, La
shwa
-mid
- central
- unrounded
- lax
- unstressed
-"alone" sofa" "elephant
turned V "wedge
- low-mid
- back- central
- unrounded
- lax
- stressed "uh"
- "cup" "done" "rough
Right hook schwa, schwar
-mid
- central
- rounded
- lax
- unstressed
- "perhaps" "brother" "Saturday
right hook reversed epsilon, three R
-mid
- central
- rounded
- tense
-stressed
- "heard" "bird" "preFER
derhotacization
loss of r-coloring
dipthong /aI/
-back
- "buy" "ice" "mine
vowel rising dipthongs
/eI/, /ou/, /aI/, /au/, /oI/
dipthong /oI/
-back
-" boy" " oil" "coin
dipthong /au/
-back
- print a + upsilon
- "house" "out" "loud
centering dipthongs
- /Ir/= "hear"
- /Er/= "fair"
- /or/= "fork"
-/ar/= "art"
- /ur/= "tour
consonants
speech sounds that occur when the airflow is obstructed in some way by your mouth, teeth, or lips.
resonant (sonorant) consonants
produced with resonance occurring throughout the entire vocal tract; voiced
- nasals, liquids, and glides
non- resonant (obstruent) consonants
resonance does NOT occur because airflow is obstructed during articulation; stops, fricatives, affricates
- resonance occurs primarily in the portion of the vocal tract anterior to the constriction formed by articulators
- voiceless: s, f, t, k
- voiced:
prevocalic consonants
consonants that occur before a vowel
postvocalic consonants
consonants that occur after a vowel
intervocalic consonants
consonants that occur between two vowels
Manner of Production (Consonants)
the way in which the airstream is modified
-manner of production, place of articulation, and voicing
place of articulation
the place of construction during the production of phonemes
bilabial
both lips
/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/
labiodental
lower lip and upper teeth
/f/ /v/
dental
tongue apex (or blade) and teeth
(lingua) alveolar
tongue apex (or blade) and alveolar ridge
/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/
velar
back of tongue and velum
/k/ /g/ /ng/ /w/
palatal
blade of tongue and hard palate
/esh/, /yogh/, /t+esh/, /d+yogh/, /j/, /r/
glottal
vocal folds
/h/ /?/
lingual
tongue
voicing
vibration of the vocal folds
cognates
phonemes that differ only in voicing
-voiced/voiceless
- /s/ /z/= "sip" "zip" /p/ /b/= "pit" "bit
stops/plosives
airflow stopped briefly then released; /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
- stop by closure of oral cavity and raise in velum
-bilabial, alveolar, velar
intraoral pressure
air pressure within the oral cavity
lowercase p
-voiceless
-bilabial stop
-"pack" "upon" "up
lowercase b
- voiced
-bilabial stop
- "be" "baby" "lab
lowercase t
-voiceless
- (lingua) alveolar stop
- "too" "city" "eat
lowercase d
-voiced
- (lingua) alveolar stop
- "do" "lady" "read
nasal plosion
release of air through the nasal cavity
-can be indicate in narrow transcription by using a raised "n
alveolar tap
?
-allophones of /t/ and /d/ combo
-intervocalic following 1st syllable stress: "stutter" "madder" "huddle"
- intervocalic closes a stressed syllable: "fated" "flirted" "static
glottal stop
?
- voiceless; occurs in syllable final position
- allophone of /t/ and /d/ combo; /t/ not released in oral cavity
- "kitten" "mountain
homorganic consonants
phonemes that share the same place of articulation
syllabic consonants
when consonants take on the role of vowels
lowercase k
-voiceless
- (lingua) velar stop
- "cotton" "wreck
lowercase g
-voiced
- (lingua) velar stop
- "gold" "rugged" "aggressive
nasal consonants
when pronounced, the air is forced through the nose; voiced
-/n/, /m/, /ng/
lowercase m
-voiced
-bilabial nasal
- "mark" "cramp
lowercase n
-voiced
-alveolar nasal
- "note" "many" "green
eng (n+g)
-voiced
- velar nasal
- "sing" "link
lowercase f
-voiceless
-labiodental fricative
- "fan" "offer" "leaf
fricative consonants
- produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel or constriction; obstruent
- velopharyngeal port is closed
- creates turbulence
- f, v, ?, �, s, z, ?, ?, h
lowercase v
-voiced
-labiodental fricative
theta
-voiceless
- interdental fricative
- "thermal" "thin" "with
eth
- voiced
- interdental fricative
- "though" "than" "feather
lowercase s
- voiceless
- (lingua) alveolar fricative
- "ts"= "cats" "bats"
- "sun" "missing" "sew
lowercase z
-voiced
- (lingua) alveolar fricative
- "gz"= "bugs" "rags"
- "zoo" "razor" "size
esh
-?
- voiceless
-palatal (postalveolar) fricative
- "ship" "sure" "pressure
yogh
-?
- voiced
- palatal (postalveolar) fricative
- "fusion" "casual" "vision
postalveolar/palatoalveolar
when articulation is just posterior to the place of articulation of the alveolar fricatives
- esh/ yogh
lowercase h
-voicless
- glottal fricative
-"he" "ahead" ''whose
affricate consonants
-combination of stop and fricative manners
-obstruents
-t?, d?
t?
-voicless
- palatal (postalveolar) affricate
- "chick" "etch" "nature
d?
-voiced
-palatal (postalverolar) affricate
- "jelly" "edge" "education
approximate consonants
- glides: /j/ /w/
- liquids: /r/ /l/
-produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract the articulators are merely approximated (not brought together)
-closed velopharygeal port
glides
-gliding motion of articulators
-/j/ /w/
liquids
/l/ /r/
lowercase j
-voiced
-palatal glide
- "your" "feud" "onion"
- j+u= "few
lowercase w
-voiced
-labiovelar glide
- "wet" "choir" "quick
turned r
- voiced
- palatal (postalveolar) liquid
- "red" "stress" "car"
- retroflexed or bunched
retroflex
/r/
- the tip of the tongue doe not touch the roof of the mouth. Tongue curls back into mouth behind alveolar ridge
bunched
body of tongue pulled back into back of mouth with blade near palate for /r/
lowercase l
-voiced
- alveolar liquid
-"lawn" "yellow" "ball"
-lateral: light or dark
l lateral
-/l/ has 2 separate articulations depending on whether the phoneme is prevocalic or postvocalic
- LIGHT /l/: prevocalic; tongue tip is raised to approximate alveolar ridge "lip" "clue"
-DARK /l/: postvocalic; (velarized) tongue tip is lowered and the back