Stop Consonants
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
Fricatives
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /�/
Affricates
/t?/ /d?/
Nasals
/m/ /n/ /?/
Liquids
/l/ /r/
Glides
/w/ /j/
Glottal
/?/
Front Vowels
/i/ /?/ /e?/ /?/ /�/
Back Vowels
/u/ /?/ /o?/ /?/ /?/
Central Vowels
/?/ /?/ /?/ /?/
Diphthongs
/a?/ /a?/ /??/ /e?/ /o?/
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Hard Palate
Nasopharynx
Velum
Uvula
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Vocal Folds
Hyoid Bone
Alveolar Ridge
Glottis
IPA
International Phonetics Alphabet
phoneme
speech sound
phonetics
study of speech sounds of a spoken language
allophones
variations within a phoneme class; heard as on and the same phoneme
minimal pairs
two words that differ by only one phoneme
number of phonemes
43 (up to 50 depending on dialect)
respiration
start of speech (have to air to have speech)
phonation
voicing component (vocal folds open or closed)
resonation
the vibration as airstream passes through
articulation
shaping of the word
voiced
Are vowels voiced or voiceless?
high, front, tense, retracted
/i/
high, front, slightly retracted, lax
/?/
mid, front, tense
/e?/
mid, front, slightly retracted, lax
/?/
low, front, lax
/�/
high, back, rounded, tense
/u/
high, back, rounded, lax
/?/
mid, back, tense, rounded
/o?/
mid, back, rounded, tense
/?/
low, back, open, tense
/?/
mid, central, lax, stressed
/?/
mid, central, lax, unstressed
/?/
mid, central, rounded, tense
/?/
mid, central, lax
/?/
spondee
a word with equal stress on both syllables
front, rising diphthong
/a?/
back, rising diphthong
loud
/a?/
back, rising diphthong
boy
/??/
sagital
medial vs lateral
coronal
anterior vs posterior
transversal
superior vs inferior
place
the parts of the speech mechanism used most prominently for consonant production
manner
how the airstream is modified
voicing
presence or absence of vocal fold vibration
cognates
pair of phonemes with same place and manner but different voicing
singletons
one consonant phoneme with no other consonant phonemes adjacent to it
sequences
two or more consonants in succession in the same syllable or word
initial
prevocalic
medial
intervocalic
final
postvocalic
blends
two or more adjacent consonants occurring in the same syllable
abutting
two or more adjacent consonants that cross a syllable boundary
Stop Consonants
-velopharyngeal port is closed
-stop phase: rapid closure in the oral cavity
-aspiration: blocked air stream is released
voiceless bilabial stop
/p/
voiced bilabial stop
/b/
voiceless (lingua) alveolar stop
/t/
voiced (lingua) alveolar stop
/d/
voiceless (lingua) velar stop
/k/
voiced (lingua) velar stop
/g/
Fricatives
-characterized by audible friction
-results from the passage of voiced or voiceless airstream through a narrow opening
voiceless labiodental fricative
/f/
voiced labiodental fricative
/v/
voiceless (lingua) dental fricative
voiceless (inter) dental fricative
/?/
voiced (lingua) dental fricative
voiced (inter) dental fricative
/�/
voiceless (lingua) alveolar fricative
/s/
voiced (lingua) alveolar fricative
/z/
voiceless (lingua) palatal fricative
/?/
voiced (lingua) palatal fricative
/?/
voiceless glottal fricative
/h/
Affricates
-share characteristics of stops and fricatives
-each is just one phoneme
-oral airflow is briefly interrupted or stopped and then released with friciton
voiced (lingua) palatal affricate
/d?/
voiceless (lingua) palatal affricate
/t?/
Nasals
-velopharyngeal port is open
-oral cavity is completely closed off forcing airflow through the nasal cavity
voiced bilabial nasal
/m/
voiced lingua alveolar nasal
/n/
voiced lingua velar nasal
/?/
voiced lingua velar bilabial glide
/w/
voiced lingua palatal glide
/j/
voiced lingua alveolar liquid
/l/
voiced lingua palatal liquid
/r/
are
/ar/
air
/?r/
ear
/?r/
or
/?r/
ire
/a? ?/
monophthong
vowel produced with one unchanging articulatory position
diphthong
change in tongue position
closing nasal cavity
What is the main function of the velum during speech production?
lateral
When the airstream flows over the sides of the tongue the consonant is a:
larynx
The vocal folds are located within the:
False
T or F: Each phoneme has one associated allophone
base of the tongue
The epiglottis is located at:
False
T or F: The vocal tract is relatively constricted during the production of vowels
True
T or F: The letter i can correspond to more than one vowel phoneme
Phonation
associated with a speakers fundamental frequency
Resonation
results in voice quality
Respiration
air source
Articulation
shaping of air stream
Progressive
an earlier occurring phoneme affects a phoneme that follows it
Regressive
a later occurring phoneme alters the characteristic of a phoneme preceding it
Contiguous
the phonemes involved are immediately adjacent to each other
Non-contiguous
if one or more phonemes separates the phonemes involved in assimilation
Dialect
a rule based set of differences that make the speech of one American English speaker different from another
Accent
refers to the phonetics and suprasegmental traits that characterize a persons speech
Suprasegmentals
-accent
-stress
-phrasing
-emphasis
-intonation
-tempo
Syllable
a cluster of coarticulated sounds with a single vowel or diphthong nucleus with or without surrounding consonants
True
T or F: A phoneme is composed of a group of allophones
False
T or F: In the words side and site /t/ and /d/ are different allophones
True
T or F: A child who has not learned all age appropriate rules governing phonology is said to have a phonological disorder
False
T or F: The vowel phonemes in English are a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y
False
T or F: In English there are more alphabet letters than phonemes
True
T or F: The letter e can correspond to more than one vowel phoneme
True
T or F: In English two words can be spelled differently but have the same phoneme
False
T or F: In orthography there is a one-to-one relationship between letters and sounds
False
T of F: The word listeners has 4 morphemes
False
T or F: Phonetic transcription is sensitive to allophonic variation and uses / /
bilabial
lips
glottal
glottis
dental
teeth
velar
soft palate (velum)
pharyngeal
pharynx
nasal
nasal cavity
alveolar
alveolar ridge
palatal
hard palate
hyoid bone
larynx suspended from:
epiglottis
protects larynx in swallowing
thyroid cartilage
anterior attachment for vocal folds
cricoid
most inferior laryngeal cartilage attached to trachea
vocal folds
musical tissue shelved in larynx
True
T or F: A vowel is necessary to have a syllable
False
T or F: vowels are characterized by constriction in the vocal tract
True
T or F: traditional consonant classification is based on place manner and voicing
True
T or F: all front vowels are unrounded
False
T or F: a word that contains two syllables must have at least two consonants
True
T or F: the words pat and pet are minimal pairs
True
T or F: The most commonly occurring American English vowels are E I and schwa
point vowels
/i � u ?/
False
T or F: Phonetic Transcription is another name for phonemic transcription
phonemic
broad transcription
phonetic
narrow transcription
diacritics
used to detect differences of allophones in narrow transcription