Phonetics

Stop Consonants

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/

Fricatives

/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /�/

Affricates

/t?/ /d?/

Nasals

/m/ /n/ /?/

Liquids

/l/ /r/

Glides

/w/ /j/

Glottal

/?/

Front Vowels

/i/ /?/ /e?/ /?/ /�/

Back Vowels

/u/ /?/ /o?/ /?/ /?/

Central Vowels

/?/ /?/ /?/ /?/

Diphthongs

/a?/ /a?/ /??/ /e?/ /o?/

Nasal Cavity

Oral Cavity

Hard Palate

Nasopharynx

Velum

Uvula

Oropharynx

Epiglottis

Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

Trachea

Vocal Folds

Hyoid Bone

Alveolar Ridge

Glottis

IPA

International Phonetics Alphabet

phoneme

speech sound

phonetics

study of speech sounds of a spoken language

allophones

variations within a phoneme class; heard as on and the same phoneme

minimal pairs

two words that differ by only one phoneme

number of phonemes

43 (up to 50 depending on dialect)

respiration

start of speech (have to air to have speech)

phonation

voicing component (vocal folds open or closed)

resonation

the vibration as airstream passes through

articulation

shaping of the word

voiced

Are vowels voiced or voiceless?

high, front, tense, retracted

/i/

high, front, slightly retracted, lax

/?/

mid, front, tense

/e?/

mid, front, slightly retracted, lax

/?/

low, front, lax

/�/

high, back, rounded, tense

/u/

high, back, rounded, lax

/?/

mid, back, tense, rounded

/o?/

mid, back, rounded, tense

/?/

low, back, open, tense

/?/

mid, central, lax, stressed

/?/

mid, central, lax, unstressed

/?/

mid, central, rounded, tense

/?/

mid, central, lax

/?/

spondee

a word with equal stress on both syllables

front, rising diphthong

/a?/

back, rising diphthong
loud

/a?/

back, rising diphthong
boy

/??/

sagital

medial vs lateral

coronal

anterior vs posterior

transversal

superior vs inferior

place

the parts of the speech mechanism used most prominently for consonant production

manner

how the airstream is modified

voicing

presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

cognates

pair of phonemes with same place and manner but different voicing

singletons

one consonant phoneme with no other consonant phonemes adjacent to it

sequences

two or more consonants in succession in the same syllable or word

initial

prevocalic

medial

intervocalic

final

postvocalic

blends

two or more adjacent consonants occurring in the same syllable

abutting

two or more adjacent consonants that cross a syllable boundary

Stop Consonants

-velopharyngeal port is closed
-stop phase: rapid closure in the oral cavity
-aspiration: blocked air stream is released

voiceless bilabial stop

/p/

voiced bilabial stop

/b/

voiceless (lingua) alveolar stop

/t/

voiced (lingua) alveolar stop

/d/

voiceless (lingua) velar stop

/k/

voiced (lingua) velar stop

/g/

Fricatives

-characterized by audible friction
-results from the passage of voiced or voiceless airstream through a narrow opening

voiceless labiodental fricative

/f/

voiced labiodental fricative

/v/

voiceless (lingua) dental fricative
voiceless (inter) dental fricative

/?/

voiced (lingua) dental fricative
voiced (inter) dental fricative

/�/

voiceless (lingua) alveolar fricative

/s/

voiced (lingua) alveolar fricative

/z/

voiceless (lingua) palatal fricative

/?/

voiced (lingua) palatal fricative

/?/

voiceless glottal fricative

/h/

Affricates

-share characteristics of stops and fricatives
-each is just one phoneme
-oral airflow is briefly interrupted or stopped and then released with friciton

voiced (lingua) palatal affricate

/d?/

voiceless (lingua) palatal affricate

/t?/

Nasals

-velopharyngeal port is open
-oral cavity is completely closed off forcing airflow through the nasal cavity

voiced bilabial nasal

/m/

voiced lingua alveolar nasal

/n/

voiced lingua velar nasal

/?/

voiced lingua velar bilabial glide

/w/

voiced lingua palatal glide

/j/

voiced lingua alveolar liquid

/l/

voiced lingua palatal liquid

/r/

are

/ar/

air

/?r/

ear

/?r/

or

/?r/

ire

/a? ?/

monophthong

vowel produced with one unchanging articulatory position

diphthong

change in tongue position

closing nasal cavity

What is the main function of the velum during speech production?

lateral

When the airstream flows over the sides of the tongue the consonant is a:

larynx

The vocal folds are located within the:

False

T or F: Each phoneme has one associated allophone

base of the tongue

The epiglottis is located at:

False

T or F: The vocal tract is relatively constricted during the production of vowels

True

T or F: The letter i can correspond to more than one vowel phoneme

Phonation

associated with a speakers fundamental frequency

Resonation

results in voice quality

Respiration

air source

Articulation

shaping of air stream

Progressive

an earlier occurring phoneme affects a phoneme that follows it

Regressive

a later occurring phoneme alters the characteristic of a phoneme preceding it

Contiguous

the phonemes involved are immediately adjacent to each other

Non-contiguous

if one or more phonemes separates the phonemes involved in assimilation

Dialect

a rule based set of differences that make the speech of one American English speaker different from another

Accent

refers to the phonetics and suprasegmental traits that characterize a persons speech

Suprasegmentals

-accent
-stress
-phrasing
-emphasis
-intonation
-tempo

Syllable

a cluster of coarticulated sounds with a single vowel or diphthong nucleus with or without surrounding consonants

True

T or F: A phoneme is composed of a group of allophones

False

T or F: In the words side and site /t/ and /d/ are different allophones

True

T or F: A child who has not learned all age appropriate rules governing phonology is said to have a phonological disorder

False

T or F: The vowel phonemes in English are a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y

False

T or F: In English there are more alphabet letters than phonemes

True

T or F: The letter e can correspond to more than one vowel phoneme

True

T or F: In English two words can be spelled differently but have the same phoneme

False

T or F: In orthography there is a one-to-one relationship between letters and sounds

False

T of F: The word listeners has 4 morphemes

False

T or F: Phonetic transcription is sensitive to allophonic variation and uses / /

bilabial

lips

glottal

glottis

dental

teeth

velar

soft palate (velum)

pharyngeal

pharynx

nasal

nasal cavity

alveolar

alveolar ridge

palatal

hard palate

hyoid bone

larynx suspended from:

epiglottis

protects larynx in swallowing

thyroid cartilage

anterior attachment for vocal folds

cricoid

most inferior laryngeal cartilage attached to trachea

vocal folds

musical tissue shelved in larynx

True

T or F: A vowel is necessary to have a syllable

False

T or F: vowels are characterized by constriction in the vocal tract

True

T or F: traditional consonant classification is based on place manner and voicing

True

T or F: all front vowels are unrounded

False

T or F: a word that contains two syllables must have at least two consonants

True

T or F: the words pat and pet are minimal pairs

True

T or F: The most commonly occurring American English vowels are E I and schwa

point vowels

/i � u ?/

False

T or F: Phonetic Transcription is another name for phonemic transcription

phonemic

broad transcription

phonetic

narrow transcription

diacritics

used to detect differences of allophones in narrow transcription