IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet- used to represent the sounds of words (not the spelling)
code point
a unique alphanumeric code
through
7 printed letters(graphemes), 3 speech sounds (phonemes), (1 morpheme)
running
7 graphemes, 6 phonemes, 2 morphemes
phonetic alphabet
an alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language
How many letters are in the English alphabet?
26
how many speech sounds are there in the English language?
42
Allographs
different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound.
Digraphs
a pair of letters that represent one sound.
morpheme
the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning.
free morphemes
morephemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning.
bound morphemes
bound to other words and carry no meaning when they stand alone.
mean length of utterance (MLU)
the average # of morphemes per utterance is a useful tool emplyed by SLP's in examining language behavior in children.
Phoneme
specific speech sound that can signal a difference in meaning.
Figure 2.1
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diacritical markings
specialized phonetic symbol used in transcriptions to represent allophone productions (variant productions of a phoneme) as well as suprasegmental features (stress, intonation, tempo)
minimal paris or minimal contrasts
words that vary by only one phomene
allophone
member of a phoneme family that is a variation in the pronunciation of that sound.
phonetic context
certain allophones must be produced a particular way due to constraints of the other sound in a word
complementary distribution
allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment
free variation
some allophones are not linked to a phonetic context and are free to vary
syllable
a basic unit of speech production and perception generally consisting of a segment of greatest acoustic energy (usually a vowel) and segments of lesser energy (usually a consonant). a unit of speech consisting of an onset and/or a rhyme.
onset
all the consonants that precede a vowel
rhyme
is divided into the nucleus and coda
coda
single consonant or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable.
in some instances the coda may have no elements at all
nucleus
typically a vowel
open syllables
syllables that end in a vowel phoneme
closed syllables
syllables with a coda/end with a consonant phoneme
word stress/Lexical stress
the production of a syllable with increased force or muscular energy, resulting in a syllable that is perceived as being louder (intensity), longer in duration, and higher in pitch; also known as word accent.
bisyllablic words
(two syllable words) will always have one particular syllable that receives primary stress (greatest emphasis).
Multisyllabic words
(more than two syllables) may have the primary stress on the second syllable.
word class
parts of speech such as noun, verb, adjective, etc.
systematic phonemic transcription
also referred to as broad transcription, or simply phoneic transcription. There is no attempt at transcribing allophonic variation.
Systematic narrow transcription or allophonic transcription
relies on diacritics to indicate allophonic variation.
impressionistic transcription
used when nothing is known about particular speech sound system prior to analysis or with children with severe speech sound disorder.