intonational phrase
the span of words in the utterance that undergoes a change in fundamental frequency
falling intonation
Statements and commands that are indicative of the finality of the utterance or with neutrality.
-notation: an underline that ends lower than it begins
rise-fall intonational phrase
spoken as a matter-of-fact, declarative statement. Usually the last word in the phrase receives tonic accent with an initial rise then a fall within the tonic syllable.
most consistent with wh- questions.
common in utterances that express surprise
rising intonation
Questions and incomplete thoughts that are indicative of uncertainty on the speaker's part. Common in listing elements.
Notation: an underline that ends higher or 'up' from where it began. The degree of rise indicates the degree of intent.
rising intonations
� List of items
� I bought a blouse, sweater, and pants.
� Incomplete utterances
� If I had bought a skirt . . .
� A rise, followed by a rise-fall
� If I had bought a skirt, I'd have another outfit.
� A fall-rise intonation pattern
� If I had bought a ski
tempo
Tempo describes the timing aspect of connected speech.
� Also considered 'rate of speech' at the sentence level.
� Considers the duration of individual phonemes and the duration of spaces or pauses or junctures in connected speech.
increased rate of speech
may be achieved by eliminating pauses and decreasing the duration of vowels and longer consonants such as glides, liquids, and fricatives.
� Some vowels may become centralized or reduced to schwa.
� A slower rate than normal affects prosody and appears to
duration
� Vowels in open syllables are longer than vowels in closed syllables.
� Vowels in front of voiced consonants are longer than vowels in front of voiceless consonants.
juncture
� Helps make semantic or grammatical distinctions in speech. Includes brief pauses in speech to signal what might be punctuations in written language. Separates different grammatical clauses to keep meaning clear.
� May also involve pitch variations combi
open internal juncture
a pause between two syllables - may differentiate identical phoneme strings
IPA notation: + /a? + skrim/
two words don't relate
closed internal juncture
no pause between syllables //a?skrim/
ice-cream, two words do relate