allophonic productions
noted changes in ongoing speech; noted changes in two adjacent sounds
(velarized l - bottled)
(ng in monkey)
coarticulation
-the influence of adjoining sound on each other;
-the overlapping of the articulators during speech production due to timing constraints;
- a "normal" or expected effort of rapid speech
ex: did you eat yet? turns to "jueatyet?
assimilation
-changes in identity of phonemes brought about by coarticulation; both allophonic and phonemic changes
- *
progressive and regressive
*
progressive assimilation
-a phoneme's acoustic identity (sound) changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it in time or the word
AKA: Left-to-right
ex: "dogs" > "dogz"
because the g is voiced
perseveration assimilation
the articulators preserve in their articulatory posture and martini it for later phoneme
regressive assimilation
the acoustic identity (sound) of a phoneme is modified in anticipation of production of the phoneme following it
AKA: right to left (anticipatory assimilation)
ex: question > kwestsion
ex: monkey > mo?kI (velar N)
Elision
omission of a phoneme during speech production
ex: camERa > camRa
fifths > fifs
-syllable "elided"
-historical process
-across word boundaries
epenthesis
addition of a phoneme or phonemes into a word or words during speech production
-result of coarticulation
- variation in production / dialect
-speech disorders
ex: ohio > /ohaIjo?/
nasal preceding voiceless fricative
tense > /t?nts/
metathesis
transposition of sounds in a word
ex: spaghetti > /p?sg??I/
vowel reduction
full form of a vowel becomes more mid-central
tomorrow:
/tumaro?/ -v- /t?maro?/
supra
above
segmental
the segments of sound
suprasegmental
the stress, timing, and intonation that are features of speech above the boundaries of individual speech sound segments, affecting the entire utterance
primary stress
in a word implies increased articulatory force, loudness, longer duration, and higher pitch than an unstressed syllable
IPA notation (primary stress)
a small mark superscript (above) and to the left of the syllable /'r?dl?,/
in a sentence it goes before the stressed word
secondary stress
in a word implies that the syllable receives slightly less articulatory force, loudness, and length (not primary stress), but is not unstressed, either. It takes the second strongest force in the word.
IPA notation
a small mark below and to the left of the syllable. ex: /'v�l,ju/
unstressed
a syllable is considered to be _________ when it contains one of the following vowels as the nucleus of the syllable:
/?/, /?/, /m?/, /n?/, /l?/
sometimes /I/ and /?/
sentence stress
has to do with the level of importance of that word in the sentence (given-new) (new info tends to be stressed), and the speakers intent of the message (Clarify and direct attention)
suprasegmental stress pattern
is the linguistic stress given prominence to certain words in a spoken sentence.
It is common for the last word of a sentence to receive primary stress
stress
generally content words receive stress:
-nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
rather than functions words
-pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions
ex: the COW is in the CORN
contrastive stress
the use of sentence stress to indicate a particular intent;
a form of stress that helps contrast two or more possibilities while emphasizing one of them
intonation
modification of voice pith ( fundamental frequency)
-conveys change in the speakers intent, which changes the sentence stress and fundamental frequency of the voice
- provides clues to type of utterance
-question, exclamation, mood