Phonetics
The study of the production and perception of speech sounds
Orthography
Spelling, involved learning a set of conventions
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet - symbols designed to represent the sounds of words
-permits consistency
-an alphabet used to represent the sounds of the world's languages; created to promote a universal method of phonetic transcription
Phonology
The study of the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language (clinically useful in identifying patterns of sound errors)
-the study of putting speech sounds into language
Clinical phonetics
The study and transcription of speech sound disorders
Historical phonetics
The study of sound changes in words
Physiological phonetics
The study of the function of the speech organs during the process of speaking
Acoustic phonetics
The study of the frequency, intensity and duration of the various consonants and vowels
Perceptual phonetics
the study of a listener's psychoacoustic response to speech sounds
Experimental phonetics
the laboratory study of phonetics
Phonetic alphabet
-maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular letter
Allographs
-differing letter sequences that represent the same phoneme
-are different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound
loop, through, threw, fruit, canoe
Diphthong
a single phoneme consisting of two vowel elements, the first termed the onglide and the second termed the offglide
/au/ , /ai/, (bacwards cI), /eI/, /ou/
Digraphs
pairs of letters" - pair of letters that represent one sound; the letters may be the same or different
ex. look (oo), need (ee), think (th), ear(ea),
Morpheme
is the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
ex.
walk="free morpheme"
walk-(ed) = "bound morpheme
Free morpheme
can stand alone and has meaning
Bound morpheme
CANNOT stand alone, they are meaning less alone
-they change the meaning of free morphemes
-ed, -ing, dis-, pre-, -s
Morphology
The study of the interaction between sound rules and rules about combining meanings
Phoneme
a speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes, and therefore is capable of distinguishing meaning
-a change in a single phoneme always will change the identity and meaning of the morpheme
Minimal pairs or minimal contrasts
Words that vary by only one phoneme (in the same word position)
ex.
Look/Book (occurring at the beginning)
Cat and Cab (occurring at the end)
Hear/Beer, Through/Brew, Clip/Click (differ by only one speech sound even though spelling shows more than one let
Economy of effort
articulation of a sound is influenced by the articulation of neighboring sound
Vowels can be identified by these 4 markers:
1) Tongue Height
2) Tongue advancement
3) Lips rounded or unrounded
4) Tense or lax (stressed or unstressed)
Compound for purposes of this class
consider them a single morpheme
ex. grandma is one morpheme not (grand and ma)
Grapheme
a letter (a minimal unit of a writing system)
Allophones
-are different or "variant" pronunciations of a particular phoneme
(speech sounds are not always produced the same way in every word)
ex.
/l/ in Lip is different than the /l/ in bottle
/l/ in Lip- is produced with tongue toward the front of the mouth
/l/
Why would we produce the same sounds in different ways?
-because we don't produce sounds in isolation. (economy of effort)
Why do we use allophones?
-individual differences in anatomy, physiology and speaking patterns.
-one time accidental changes
Complementary distribution refers to:
Always the same allophone in the same phonemic environment
-meaning that some phonemes are not interchangeable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word
ex. /k/ kid and /k/ could
kid is produced in the front of the mouth
could is prod. in
Broad Transcription
Phonemic transcription
-does not make distinction between allophones
-transcribed with slashes /.../
/paek/, /spik/
Narrow Transcription
Allophonic transcription
-transcribes specific allophones
-includes the use of diacritics (more detail)
-transcribed with slashes [...]
What is a Syllable?
-is a unit of speech that includes at least a vowel, but also possible consonants
-because there is considerable overlap in phonemes during the production of speech, many phoneticians and linguists suggest that the smallest unit os speech production is no
Syllabic
-consonants that act like vowels
Phonotactics
-rules for what sounds can follow each other
-all languages have different phonotactic constraints
ex. (ng) can't start a word in the English language
Why do SLPs need to know about syllables?
-to talk about word stress
Word stress
-word stress can help to determine word meaning
-stress affects transcriptions particularly for vowels
(vowels act differently when stressed vs. unstressed)
ex. 'project vs pro'ject or 'record vs re'cord
Stressed vowels
- are typically longer, higher in pitch, louder
Phonation
Creating voice/sound
-the creating of vocal sounds
-the production of speech sounds produced by vocal fold vibration
Articulation
The production of speech sounds, turning voice/sound into phonemes
(lips, tongue, teeth)
CoArticulation
The blending of sounds when followed by certain neighboring sounds.
-Vowels that are followed by "r" are affected
During inhalation (inspiration) what happens to the Diaphragm?
-contracts and lowers
Inspiratory Muscles
Diaphragm is the principal muscle of inspiration
The Diaphragm contracts and lowers (pulls downward and forward) during inspiration to make room for the expansion of the lungs; thus enlarging the thorax (chest cavity)
Numerus muscles contribute to inspira
Expiratory Muscles
Expiration allows carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body via the lungs and for speech to be produced.
-The internal intercostal muscles, which lie underneath the external intercostals, are important for speech production because they help control the
The laryngeal system
Larynx:
The larynx is an air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue. It is the PRINCIPAL sound generator for speech production (aka voice box) and it sits on top of the trachea opening into the pharynx (throat)
Vocal folds
-are attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the back to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament.
- we make sound by pushing air through the folds that sit inside the larynx
-they abduct during
Velopharyngeal closure
or contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
-contributing to different phoneme production
Oral phonemes-velum is closed or raised
Nasal phonemes - velum is open or lowered
Velum or ".......
or soft palate, located in the pharynx is an important structure for both speech and swallowing
Voiceless sound
-The vocal folds abduct (move apart)
"windtunnel
Voiced sounds
-The vocal folds adduct (come together)
-Throat should BUZZ
Oral phonemes
-The velum is raised or closed
-Velum rises and backs up to push against the pharynx
-airstream is directed solely into the oral cavity
Nasal phonemes
-The velum is lowered or open
-breath stream flows into both the nasal and oral cavity
3 English nasal phonemes /m/, /n/, /ng/
Fundamental frequency
-the basic rate of vocal fold vibration
Habitual pitch
-inherent pitch
Apex
Is another name for the tip of the tongue
Subglottal pressure
Is when outgoing air pushes on the vocal folds (glottis=space between the vocal folds) pressure build up under the glottis
-affects loudness of sounds
Larynx aka....?
Voice box
Trachea aka....?
Windpipe
We make sound by pushing air through the _____?
Vocal folds that sit inside the Larynx
The hyoid bone is _______ to the larynx?
Superior
The larynx is _____ to the hyoid bone?
Inferior
The trachea is ____ to the larynx
Inferior