Phonetics

Phonetics

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Orthography

Spelling, involved learning a set of conventions

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet - symbols designed to represent the sounds of words
-permits consistency
-an alphabet used to represent the sounds of the world's languages; created to promote a universal method of phonetic transcription

Phonology

The study of the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language (clinically useful in identifying patterns of sound errors)
-the study of putting speech sounds into language

Clinical phonetics

The study and transcription of speech sound disorders

Historical phonetics

The study of sound changes in words

Physiological phonetics

The study of the function of the speech organs during the process of speaking

Acoustic phonetics

The study of the frequency, intensity and duration of the various consonants and vowels

Perceptual phonetics

the study of a listener's psychoacoustic response to speech sounds

Experimental phonetics

the laboratory study of phonetics

Phonetic alphabet

-maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular letter

Allographs

-differing letter sequences that represent the same phoneme
-are different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound
loop, through, threw, fruit, canoe

Diphthong

a single phoneme consisting of two vowel elements, the first termed the onglide and the second termed the offglide
/au/ , /ai/, (bacwards cI), /eI/, /ou/

Digraphs

pairs of letters" - pair of letters that represent one sound; the letters may be the same or different
ex. look (oo), need (ee), think (th), ear(ea),

Morpheme

is the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
ex.
walk="free morpheme"
walk-(ed) = "bound morpheme

Free morpheme

can stand alone and has meaning

Bound morpheme

CANNOT stand alone, they are meaning less alone
-they change the meaning of free morphemes
-ed, -ing, dis-, pre-, -s

Morphology

The study of the interaction between sound rules and rules about combining meanings

Phoneme

a speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes, and therefore is capable of distinguishing meaning
-a change in a single phoneme always will change the identity and meaning of the morpheme

Minimal pairs or minimal contrasts

Words that vary by only one phoneme (in the same word position)
ex.
Look/Book (occurring at the beginning)
Cat and Cab (occurring at the end)
Hear/Beer, Through/Brew, Clip/Click (differ by only one speech sound even though spelling shows more than one let

Economy of effort

articulation of a sound is influenced by the articulation of neighboring sound

Vowels can be identified by these 4 markers:

1) Tongue Height
2) Tongue advancement
3) Lips rounded or unrounded
4) Tense or lax (stressed or unstressed)

Compound for purposes of this class

consider them a single morpheme
ex. grandma is one morpheme not (grand and ma)

Grapheme

a letter (a minimal unit of a writing system)

Allophones

-are different or "variant" pronunciations of a particular phoneme
(speech sounds are not always produced the same way in every word)
ex.
/l/ in Lip is different than the /l/ in bottle
/l/ in Lip- is produced with tongue toward the front of the mouth
/l/

Why would we produce the same sounds in different ways?

-because we don't produce sounds in isolation. (economy of effort)

Why do we use allophones?

-individual differences in anatomy, physiology and speaking patterns.
-one time accidental changes

Complementary distribution refers to:

Always the same allophone in the same phonemic environment
-meaning that some phonemes are not interchangeable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word
ex. /k/ kid and /k/ could
kid is produced in the front of the mouth
could is prod. in

Broad Transcription

Phonemic transcription
-does not make distinction between allophones
-transcribed with slashes /.../
/paek/, /spik/

Narrow Transcription

Allophonic transcription
-transcribes specific allophones
-includes the use of diacritics (more detail)
-transcribed with slashes [...]

What is a Syllable?

-is a unit of speech that includes at least a vowel, but also possible consonants
-because there is considerable overlap in phonemes during the production of speech, many phoneticians and linguists suggest that the smallest unit os speech production is no

Syllabic

-consonants that act like vowels

Phonotactics

-rules for what sounds can follow each other
-all languages have different phonotactic constraints
ex. (ng) can't start a word in the English language

Why do SLPs need to know about syllables?

-to talk about word stress

Word stress

-word stress can help to determine word meaning
-stress affects transcriptions particularly for vowels
(vowels act differently when stressed vs. unstressed)
ex. 'project vs pro'ject or 'record vs re'cord

Stressed vowels

- are typically longer, higher in pitch, louder

Phonation

Creating voice/sound
-the creating of vocal sounds
-the production of speech sounds produced by vocal fold vibration

Articulation

The production of speech sounds, turning voice/sound into phonemes
(lips, tongue, teeth)

CoArticulation

The blending of sounds when followed by certain neighboring sounds.
-Vowels that are followed by "r" are affected

During inhalation (inspiration) what happens to the Diaphragm?

-contracts and lowers

Inspiratory Muscles

Diaphragm is the principal muscle of inspiration
The Diaphragm contracts and lowers (pulls downward and forward) during inspiration to make room for the expansion of the lungs; thus enlarging the thorax (chest cavity)
Numerus muscles contribute to inspira

Expiratory Muscles

Expiration allows carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body via the lungs and for speech to be produced.
-The internal intercostal muscles, which lie underneath the external intercostals, are important for speech production because they help control the

The laryngeal system

Larynx:
The larynx is an air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue. It is the PRINCIPAL sound generator for speech production (aka voice box) and it sits on top of the trachea opening into the pharynx (throat)

Vocal folds

-are attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the back to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament.
- we make sound by pushing air through the folds that sit inside the larynx
-they abduct during

Velopharyngeal closure

or contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
-contributing to different phoneme production
Oral phonemes-velum is closed or raised
Nasal phonemes - velum is open or lowered

Velum or ".......

or soft palate, located in the pharynx is an important structure for both speech and swallowing

Voiceless sound

-The vocal folds abduct (move apart)
"windtunnel

Voiced sounds

-The vocal folds adduct (come together)
-Throat should BUZZ

Oral phonemes

-The velum is raised or closed
-Velum rises and backs up to push against the pharynx
-airstream is directed solely into the oral cavity

Nasal phonemes

-The velum is lowered or open
-breath stream flows into both the nasal and oral cavity
3 English nasal phonemes /m/, /n/, /ng/

Fundamental frequency

-the basic rate of vocal fold vibration

Habitual pitch

-inherent pitch

Apex

Is another name for the tip of the tongue

Subglottal pressure

Is when outgoing air pushes on the vocal folds (glottis=space between the vocal folds) pressure build up under the glottis
-affects loudness of sounds

Larynx aka....?

Voice box

Trachea aka....?

Windpipe

We make sound by pushing air through the _____?

Vocal folds that sit inside the Larynx

The hyoid bone is _______ to the larynx?

Superior

The larynx is _____ to the hyoid bone?

Inferior

The trachea is ____ to the larynx

Inferior