Sound
Phonemes and Allophones
Phonetics
Study of speech sounds
-Acoustic characteristics
- Perceptual characteristics
- how sounds are produced
phonology
study of the linguistic rules that organize speech sounds and combinations of speech sounds
3 branches of phonetics
-articulatory
-acoustic
-perceptual
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet
Spelling
Graphemes, Allographs, Digraphs
Phonemes
-A speech sound capable of distinguishing meaning
- smallest unit that is capable of distinguishing meaning
EX: _s_at vs _c_at
do not have meaning themselves, but can change the meaning of the word
Allophones
- Variant productions of a sound that do NOT change the meaning
(different ways you produce a particular sound, doesn't change the meaning "_l_adder vs. _l_ittle
Graphemes
printed letters
Allographs
Different letter sequences of patterns that represent the same sound (
- lOOp -thrOUGH - thrEW
Digraphs
Pairs of letters that represent one sound
- SHoe CHurCH
Church
3 phonemes, 6 graphemes
shoe
2 phonemes, 4 graphemes
minimal pairs
-words that differ by ONLY ONE phoneme
- cat, pat, hat, sat, vat,
vit, beat, bat, bait
Free variation
there is no rule
Complementary Distribution
-When 2 allophones of one phoneme always occur in different environments and never occur in the same environment. Often occurs because segments are affected by the phonetic environment of surrounding sounds.
/p, t, k/ (voiceless steps)
-aspiration
morphemes
Smallest unit of language capable of caring meaning
free morpheme
Morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning, such as "book", "dog", "press", and "music
bound morphemes
Morphemes that are attached to other words and carry no meaning when they stand alone
"dog_S_"('s' attached to dog) , "WalkING" (ing attached to walk)
Syllable nucleus
typically the vowel in the syllable
coda
either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable "spilT" ('t' in spilt)
syllable structure
complex syllable
have more than one sound in either the onset or the coda
open syllable
that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
examples of open syllables
-"key"
-"three"
- "bow
Closed syllable
syllables with a coda- those that end with a consonant phoneme
examples of closed syllables
keg"
"had"
"dogs"
"walks
Broad Transcription/ phonemic transcription
most used in class
- only phonemes down
Narrow transcription
Phonetic, using extra symbols to show how sounds are changed a little
-use diacritics to describe how sounds have been changed
Respiratory system
Diaphragm contracts -> Thoracic cavity expands -> Inhalation -> lungs deflate -> diaphragm relaxes -> Exhalation
Laryngeal system
Air from lungs -> Larynx -> vocal fold vibration
Pharyngeal- Oral- Nasal System (Supralaryngeal System)
-Pharynx (directly above larynx)
- Oral
-nasal
The articulators
-lips
-teeth
-alveolar ridge
- palate
- velum
- glottis
- tongue
Lips
open/close/ round during speech production
Labial
lips are involved /w/
bilabial
Both lips /p, b/
Labiodental
Lips and teeth /f, v/
Dental or interdental
tongue in-between teeth /�/ "The, this
Alveolar ridge
most consonants in english have alveolar sounds /t,z,s,d ?/
palate
/ sh, ch/
Velum
/k, g/
-tongue making contact with soft palate
-Uvula
-oral phonemes
- nasal phonemes /n, m, ?/
Glottis
/h/
level of the vocal folds
-use of vocal folds themselves to produce /h/ (tense, hold vocal folds)
Tongue
primary articulator for vowels
-Lingual (sounds produced by the tongue)
-tip (very tip of tongue)
- blade (immediately behind tongue)
- body (most of tongue)
strength of it is used in swallowing
Complex syllable
have more than one sound in either the onset or the coda
vowel
phonemes that are produced without constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract
-serve as nucleus in a syllable
- sound can be sustained indefinitely
Articulatory Descriptions (what is the tongue doing?)
-Tongue height
- tongue advancement
- rounding
Tongue height
-high/low
/i,e,?, a/
Tongue advancement
front vs. back
/i, e, ?, a/ "hit" vs. /u, o, ?, ?/ "hut
Rounding
whether the lips are rounded or unrounded (retracted) in their production
tense vowel
-greater muscular activity
- longer duration
- stressed open syllable
Lax
Cannot appear in a stressed, open syllable
monophthongs
- 1 sound, 1 articulatory position
/ i, ?, e, ?, �, u, ?, o, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?/
Diphthongs
Onglide- where tongue starts
offglide- 2nd position of a sound where tongue finishes
-smooth fast transition
-RISING!
Phonemic
- sounds can distinguish meaning
Examples would be the /e/ and /o/ monophthongs and /t/ and /d/
/a?/
/??/
/a?/
non- phonemic
- do not distinguish meaning
- ounds would include the /e?/ and /oU/ diphthongs, as well as the glottal stop.
/e?, o?/
Front vowels
/i, ?, e, ?, �/
/i/
-high
-front
-tense
-unrounded
-"ee"
-/ki/ "key" /pi/ "pea
/?/
-High (not as high as /i/)
- front
-lax
-unrounded
"ih"
/s?p/ "sip", /h?p/ "hip
/e/, /e?/
-high-mid
- front
- tense
- unrounded
"AYE"
- /fonet/ "phonate" (monophthong because e isn't stressed),
/?we?/ "away" (diphthong: stressed and last sound in word)
/te?b?l/ "table" (diphthong: stressed syllable)
/?/
-low-mid
-front
-lax
- unrounded
-"eh"
/b?t/ "bet
/�/
-low
-front
-tense
-unrounded
- "ah"
- /m�t "mat", /b�?/ "bang"
- will cause problems when followed by nasals, try to say each sound independently
Back vowels
/u, ?, o, ?, ?/
/u/
-high
-back
-tense
- rounded
-"you"
- /yu/ "you, /tcu/ "chew
/?/
-high (not as high as u)
- back
- lax
- rounded
"uh"
"push" "could
/o/ /o?/
-high-mid
-back
-tense
- rounded
/broke?d/ "brocade", /proh?b?t/ "prohibit"
diphthong: /flo?/ "flow", /co?n/ "cone".
/?/
-low-mid
-back
-tense
-rounded
"aw"
/v?lt/ "vault", /s?t/ "sought
/?/
-low
-back
- unrounded
-tense
/st?p/ "stop", /pl?d/ "plod
Central Vowels
/?, ?, ?, ?/
/?/
-mid
-central
- unrounded
-lax
/tun?/ "tuna", /?nd?n/ "undone
how to think of the central vowels
two pairs
/?/
-low-mid
-central
-unrounded
-lax
/r?b/ "rub", / fl?d/ "flood
/?/
-mid
-central
- rounded
- lax
/r?n?/ "runner", /?nd?/ "under
/?/
-mid
-central
-rounded
-tense
/k?s/ "curse", /h?d/ "heard
Diphthong Vowels
/a?/, /??/, /a?/
/a?/
-Tongue body begins in the low central (or low back) position and moves to the high front position
"i"
-/fa?b?/ "fiber" , /ta?m/ "thyme", /ma?n/ "mine
/??/
-Tongue body begins in the low-mid back position of the mouth and glides to high front position (not quite as high as /i/)
"oy"
-/t??/ "toy" , /b??/ "boy
/a?/
-Tongue begins in the low back position of the mouth and glides upward to the high back position
"ow"
-/la?d/ "loud" , /pa?d?/
Rhotic Vowels
/?r, ?r, ?r, ?r/
The influence of /r/
-influenced by neighbor sounds
- part of the vowel, sits in nucleus not coda
- considered open syllables if ending with /?r, ?r, ?r, ?r/, not actually diphthongs( R COLORED VOWELS)
/?r/
beer
/?r/
bore
/?r/
Bar
/?r/
bear
?
burr
Rhotic Diphthongs offglide
represents a central vowel with r-coloring
Sound
Phonemes and Allophones
Phonetics
Study of speech sounds
-Acoustic characteristics
- Perceptual characteristics
- how sounds are produced
phonology
study of the linguistic rules that organize speech sounds and combinations of speech sounds
3 branches of phonetics
-articulatory
-acoustic
-perceptual
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet
Spelling
Graphemes, Allographs, Digraphs
Phonemes
-A speech sound capable of distinguishing meaning
- smallest unit that is capable of distinguishing meaning
EX: _s_at vs _c_at
do not have meaning themselves, but can change the meaning of the word
Allophones
- Variant productions of a sound that do NOT change the meaning
(different ways you produce a particular sound, doesn't change the meaning "_l_adder vs. _l_ittle
Graphemes
printed letters
Allographs
Different letter sequences of patterns that represent the same sound (
- lOOp -thrOUGH - thrEW
Digraphs
Pairs of letters that represent one sound
- SHoe CHurCH
Church
3 phonemes, 6 graphemes
shoe
2 phonemes, 4 graphemes
minimal pairs
-words that differ by ONLY ONE phoneme
- cat, pat, hat, sat, vat,
vit, beat, bat, bait
Free variation
there is no rule
Complementary Distribution
-When 2 allophones of one phoneme always occur in different environments and never occur in the same environment. Often occurs because segments are affected by the phonetic environment of surrounding sounds.
/p, t, k/ (voiceless steps)
-aspiration
morphemes
Smallest unit of language capable of caring meaning
free morpheme
Morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning, such as "book", "dog", "press", and "music
bound morphemes
Morphemes that are attached to other words and carry no meaning when they stand alone
"dog_S_"('s' attached to dog) , "WalkING" (ing attached to walk)
Syllable nucleus
typically the vowel in the syllable
coda
either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable "spilT" ('t' in spilt)
syllable structure
complex syllable
have more than one sound in either the onset or the coda
open syllable
that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
examples of open syllables
-"key"
-"three"
- "bow
Closed syllable
syllables with a coda- those that end with a consonant phoneme
examples of closed syllables
keg"
"had"
"dogs"
"walks
Broad Transcription/ phonemic transcription
most used in class
- only phonemes down
Narrow transcription
Phonetic, using extra symbols to show how sounds are changed a little
-use diacritics to describe how sounds have been changed
Respiratory system
Diaphragm contracts -> Thoracic cavity expands -> Inhalation -> lungs deflate -> diaphragm relaxes -> Exhalation
Laryngeal system
Air from lungs -> Larynx -> vocal fold vibration
Pharyngeal- Oral- Nasal System (Supralaryngeal System)
-Pharynx (directly above larynx)
- Oral
-nasal
The articulators
-lips
-teeth
-alveolar ridge
- palate
- velum
- glottis
- tongue
Lips
open/close/ round during speech production
Labial
lips are involved /w/
bilabial
Both lips /p, b/
Labiodental
Lips and teeth /f, v/
Dental or interdental
tongue in-between teeth /�/ "The, this
Alveolar ridge
most consonants in english have alveolar sounds /t,z,s,d ?/
palate
/ sh, ch/
Velum
/k, g/
-tongue making contact with soft palate
-Uvula
-oral phonemes
- nasal phonemes /n, m, ?/
Glottis
/h/
level of the vocal folds
-use of vocal folds themselves to produce /h/ (tense, hold vocal folds)
Tongue
primary articulator for vowels
-Lingual (sounds produced by the tongue)
-tip (very tip of tongue)
- blade (immediately behind tongue)
- body (most of tongue)
strength of it is used in swallowing
Complex syllable
have more than one sound in either the onset or the coda
vowel
phonemes that are produced without constriction or blockage of air flow in the vocal tract
-serve as nucleus in a syllable
- sound can be sustained indefinitely
Articulatory Descriptions (what is the tongue doing?)
-Tongue height
- tongue advancement
- rounding
Tongue height
-high/low
/i,e,?, a/
Tongue advancement
front vs. back
/i, e, ?, a/ "hit" vs. /u, o, ?, ?/ "hut
Rounding
whether the lips are rounded or unrounded (retracted) in their production
tense vowel
-greater muscular activity
- longer duration
- stressed open syllable
Lax
Cannot appear in a stressed, open syllable
monophthongs
- 1 sound, 1 articulatory position
/ i, ?, e, ?, �, u, ?, o, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?/
Diphthongs
Onglide- where tongue starts
offglide- 2nd position of a sound where tongue finishes
-smooth fast transition
-RISING!
Phonemic
- sounds can distinguish meaning
Examples would be the /e/ and /o/ monophthongs and /t/ and /d/
/a?/
/??/
/a?/
non- phonemic
- do not distinguish meaning
- ounds would include the /e?/ and /oU/ diphthongs, as well as the glottal stop.
/e?, o?/
Front vowels
/i, ?, e, ?, �/
/i/
-high
-front
-tense
-unrounded
-"ee"
-/ki/ "key" /pi/ "pea
/?/
-High (not as high as /i/)
- front
-lax
-unrounded
"ih"
/s?p/ "sip", /h?p/ "hip
/e/, /e?/
-high-mid
- front
- tense
- unrounded
"AYE"
- /fonet/ "phonate" (monophthong because e isn't stressed),
/?we?/ "away" (diphthong: stressed and last sound in word)
/te?b?l/ "table" (diphthong: stressed syllable)
/?/
-low-mid
-front
-lax
- unrounded
-"eh"
/b?t/ "bet
/�/
-low
-front
-tense
-unrounded
- "ah"
- /m�t "mat", /b�?/ "bang"
- will cause problems when followed by nasals, try to say each sound independently
Back vowels
/u, ?, o, ?, ?/
/u/
-high
-back
-tense
- rounded
-"you"
- /yu/ "you, /tcu/ "chew
/?/
-high (not as high as u)
- back
- lax
- rounded
"uh"
"push" "could
/o/ /o?/
-high-mid
-back
-tense
- rounded
/broke?d/ "brocade", /proh?b?t/ "prohibit"
diphthong: /flo?/ "flow", /co?n/ "cone".
/?/
-low-mid
-back
-tense
-rounded
"aw"
/v?lt/ "vault", /s?t/ "sought
/?/
-low
-back
- unrounded
-tense
/st?p/ "stop", /pl?d/ "plod
Central Vowels
/?, ?, ?, ?/
/?/
-mid
-central
- unrounded
-lax
/tun?/ "tuna", /?nd?n/ "undone
how to think of the central vowels
two pairs
/?/
-low-mid
-central
-unrounded
-lax
/r?b/ "rub", / fl?d/ "flood
/?/
-mid
-central
- rounded
- lax
/r?n?/ "runner", /?nd?/ "under
/?/
-mid
-central
-rounded
-tense
/k?s/ "curse", /h?d/ "heard
Diphthong Vowels
/a?/, /??/, /a?/
/a?/
-Tongue body begins in the low central (or low back) position and moves to the high front position
"i"
-/fa?b?/ "fiber" , /ta?m/ "thyme", /ma?n/ "mine
/??/
-Tongue body begins in the low-mid back position of the mouth and glides to high front position (not quite as high as /i/)
"oy"
-/t??/ "toy" , /b??/ "boy
/a?/
-Tongue begins in the low back position of the mouth and glides upward to the high back position
"ow"
-/la?d/ "loud" , /pa?d?/
Rhotic Vowels
/?r, ?r, ?r, ?r/
The influence of /r/
-influenced by neighbor sounds
- part of the vowel, sits in nucleus not coda
- considered open syllables if ending with /?r, ?r, ?r, ?r/, not actually diphthongs( R COLORED VOWELS)
/?r/
beer
/?r/
bore
/?r/
Bar
/?r/
bear
?
burr
Rhotic Diphthongs offglide
represents a central vowel with r-coloring