articulatory
the study of the production of speech sounds
acoustic
the study of the physical properties of speech sounds
auditory
the study of the perception of speech sounds
auditory
experiments observing response and using mri/ct scans
International Phonetic Alphabet
What does IPA stand for?
IPA
Each symbol represents one sound (phone), ability to distinguish between two very different sounds, ability to represent similarity between very similar sounds
phonetics
the study of the minimal units that make up language.
phone
A speech sound. Written in square brackets, for example [t]
Phonology
the study of the sound system of a language: how particular sounds contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information and how such systems differ from one language to another
phoneme
a class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound. Written between slashes, for example /t/
allophone
one of a set of nondistinctive realizations of the same phoneme
distribution of a phone
set of phonetic environments in which a sound occurs
contrastive distribution
occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguishes between two meanings.
contrastive distribution
sounds are allophones of different phonemes
complementary distribution
occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment.
complementary distribution
sounds are allophones of the same phoneme
free variation
two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words.
phonological rule
description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning enviroment in which the allophone appears
phonemic form
underlying form of the utterance
phonetic form
the actual pronunciation of the utterance
natural class
group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language
obstruents, sonorants, sibilants
natural classes
obstruents
(oral stops, fricatives, affricates) a natural class of sounds produced with an obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off.
sonorants
( nasals, approximants, vowels) sounds (voiced) produced with a relatively open passage of air flow.
sibilants
natural class of sounds that are characterized by a high pitched hissing quality
phonological procces
assimilation - dissimilation - insertion - deletion - metathesis - strengthening - weakening
overlapping distribution
the occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic environments.
minimal pair
two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings.
assimilation
process by which a sounds becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of features
palatalization
process wherein a sound takes on a palatal place of articulation usually due to a high or mid front vowels
dissimulation
process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some features
insertion (epenthesis)
process by which a segment not present in the phonemic form is added to the phonetic form
deletion
process by which a segment is removed from the phonetic form which is present in the phonemic form.
metathesis
process of switching the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other
metathesis strengthening
process through which sounds are made "stronger" according to some criterion
metathesis weakening
process through which sounds are made "weaker
multiple processes
rule for plural pronunciation in English
phonological constraints
restrictions on possible combinations of sounds
sonority hierarchy
glides > liquids > nasals > voiced fricatives > voiceless fricatives > voiced plosives (stops and affricates) > voiceless plosives
sonoroity curve
syllables should follow this hierarchy, "_____________", most sonorous sounds near center of syllable and decrease in sonority towards periphery
palatography
observe contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth with ink or sensors
sound spectrograph
creates a spectrogram (graphs that encode three acoustic dimensions: frequency, time, and amplitude)
segments
discrete unit of the speech sounds
suprasegmentals
characteristic of speech sound, such as intonation, length, tone, stress, which appears over individual segments
length
the duration of a segment
stress
property of syllables; a ________ syllable is more prominent than an un________ one, because it is longer, louder, and vowel are produced with full position of the tongue
primary stress
stress [?]
secondary stress
stress [?]
tone
pitch at which the syllable of a word is pronounced
intonation
pattern of pitch movements across an utterance
syllable
unit of speech consisting of uninterrupted sound, composed of one or more phones (sounds)
onset
optional initial sound of the syllable
rhyme
includes the nucleus and coda
nucleus
main part of the syllable, carries suprasegmental information, usually vowel sound
coda
optional final sound in a syllable
voiced
sounds made while the vocals folds are closed and vibrating
voiceless
sounds made while the vocal folds are opened without vibration
whisper
partial closed vocal chords without vibration
place of articulation
the location where the air is constricted within the vocal tract
bilabial
[p],[b,],[m] sounds made by bringing lips together
labiodental
[f],[v] sounds made with lower lip against upper front teeth
labial-velar
[w] sounds made with lips and velum
interdentals
[?],[�] sounds made by the tongue protruding between the front teeth
dentals
[?],[�] sounds made by the tongue against the upper front teeth
alveolar
[t],[d],[n],[s],[z],[?],[l] sounds produced with the tip of the tongue at or near the alveolar ridge
palatal (post alveolar)
[?],[?],[?],[?] sounds made with the tongue on the hard part of the roof of the mouth (hard palate)
velar
[k],[g],[?] sounds made with the tongue at the soft part of the roof of the mouth (velum)
glottal
[?],[h] sounds made by the larynx, glottis: space between the vocal folds
manner of articulation
the degree or how the air is constricted
plosive (stop)
([p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g],[?]) obstructing the airstream completely
nasals
([m],[n],[?]) obstructing the airstream in the oral cavity completely while the nasal cavity is open
fricatives
([f],[v],[s],[z],[h]) forming a nearly complete obstruction
affricatives
([?],[?]) briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so the frication noise is produced
approximants
([w], [?]) slight constriction or narrowing on the vocal tract, vowel like
lateral approximants
([l]) similar to approximants but the airstream flows laterally around tongue
trill
([r]) produced by bringing two articulators together in a series of quick taps
flap (tap)
([?]) reduced pronunciation of a [t] and [d]
tongue (jaw) height: high (closed)
([i], [y], [?], [u], [?]) tongue is in a high position and the jaw is nearly closed.
tongue (jaw) height: mid
([?]) tongue is at the middle position
tongue (jaw) height: mid-closed
([e], [�], [o]) jaw is slightly more open than close position
tongue (jaw) height: mid-opened
([?], [�], [?], [?]) jaw is slightly more closed than open position
tongue (jaw) height: low (open)
([a], [�], [?]) tongue is in a low position and the jaw is opened
tongue advancement: front
([i], [y], [?], [?], [?], [e], [�], [a], [�]) tongue is advanced towards the teeth
tongue advancement: central
([?]) tongue is at the neutral position in the oral cavity
tongue advancement: back
([u], [?], [?], [?], [o], [?]) tongue is retracted back towards the velum
rounded
lip rounding: ([u], [?], [o], [?], [y], [�], [�])
unrounded
lip rounding: ([i], [?], [e], [?], [?], [?], [a], [�], [?])
tenseness
a relative marker to help distinguish between two phonemic vowel sounds
tense
([i], [e], [u], [o]) has a more peripheral (edge) position in the vowel space
lax
(all others) has a less peripheral position in the vowel space
nasalized vowel
vowel produced while lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity
dipthongs
a complex vowel, composed of a sequence of two different configurations of the vocal organs
[f]
Choose voiceless labiodental fricative: [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [w], [?]
[p]
Choose voiceless bilabial plosive: [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [w], [?]
voiceless labiodental fricative
What are the articulatory features for [f]?
[b]
Choose voiced bilabial plosive: [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [w], [?]
voiced alveolar fricative
What is the description for the sound [z]?
[?]
Select the correct symbol for a voiced alveolar tap: [?], [�], [t], [d], [n], [r], [?], [s], [z], [?], [?], [t?], [d?], [?], [l]
voiceless post-alveolar affricate
what is the description for the sound [t?]?
[?]
Select the correct symbol for a voiceless dental fricative: [?], [�], [t], [d], [n], [r], [?], [s], [z], [?], [?], [t?], [d?], [?], [l]
Articulately, acoustic, auditory
What are the three different areas of phonetics?
What sound does the glottal stop make? (?)
U(h)-oh, ba(t)man, bu(tt)on
What sound does the theta symbol make? (?)
(Th)rough, wra(th), (th)istle, tee(th)
(Th)rough, wra(th), (th)istle, tee(th)
Theta (?)
U(h)-oh, ba(t)man, bu(tt)on
Glottal stop (?)
What sound does the eth symbol make? (�)
(Th)e, (th)eir, mo(th)er, ei(th)er, tee(th)e
(Th)e, (th)eir, mo(th)er, ei(th)er, tee(th)e
Eth (�)
What sound does the esh symbol make? (?)
(Sh)y, mi(ss)ion, na(ti)on, gla(ci)al (s)ure
(Sh)y, mi(ss)ion, na(ti)on, gla(ci)al (s)ure
Esh (?)
What sound does the yogh symbol make? (?)
Mea(s)ure, vi(s)ion, a(z)ure, ca(s)ualty, deci(si)on
Mea(s)ure, vi(s)ion, a(z)ure, ca(s)ualty, deci(si)on
Yogh (?)
(Ch)oke, ma(tch), fea(t)ure, consti(t)uent
t-esh (?)
(J)u(dg)e, (G)eor(g)e, (j)ell-O, re(g)ion, resi(d)ual
D-yogh
Lu(ng), thi(n)k, fi(n)ger, si(ng)er, a(n)kle
Engma (?)
Bu(tt)er, u(dd)er, cu(t)er, a(d)am, bo(tt)le, rea(d)y
Flap (?)
Which words use the voiceless w? (W with circle underneath)
which, where, what, whale, why
which, where, what, whale, why
Voiceless W (w with circle underneath
(Y)ou, b(ea)utiful, f(e)ud, (u)se, (y)ell
Lowercase j
Poss(um), chas(m), ad(am), bott(om)less
Syllabic M (m?)
Butt(on), chick(en), less(on), kitt(en)ish
Syllabic n (n?)
Litt(le), sing(le), simp(le), stab(il)ize
Syllabic l (l?)
ladd(er), sing(er), b(ur)p, p(er)cent, b(ir)d
Syllabic r (stressed r)
b(ea)t, w(e), bel(ie)ve, p(eo)ple, mon(ey)
i (lowercase I)
B(i)t, cons(i)st, b(u)siness, g(y)m
I (capital I)
B(e)t, s(ay)s, g(ue)st, b(e)nd
Epsilon (?)
B(a)t, l(au)gh, (a)nger, r(a)lly
Ash (�)
B(oo)t, wh(o), br(ew)er, d(u)ty, thr(ou)gh
u (lower case u)
P(u)t, f(oo)t, b(u)tcher, c(ou)ld, b(oo)gie-w(oo)gie
Upsilon (?)
B(ou)ght, c(au)ght, wr(o)ng, st(al)k, c(o)re, l(aw)
Open o (?)
P(o)t, f(a)ther, s(e)rgeant, h(o)nor, h(o)spital, b(o)mb
Script a (?)
B(u)t, t(ou)gh, an(o)ther, (o)ven, f(u)ngus
Wedge (?)
(A)mong, asi(a), el(o)quent, fam(ou)s, harm(o)ny
Schwa (?)
(I), ab(i)de, st(ei)n, (ai)sle, ch(oi)r, (i)sland, f(i)ne
Script a with capital I (??)
B(ou)t, br(ow)n, d(ou)bt, fl(ow)er, l(ou)d
Script a with upsilon (??)
B(oy), d(oi)ly, rej(oi)ce, ann(oy)
Open o and capital I (??)
(O)h, b(oa)t, b(ea)u, gr(ow), th(ou)gh, (o)ver
Lowercase o and upsilon (o?)
B(ai)t, r(ei)gn, gr(ea)t, th(ey), g(au)ge, (a)ge
lowercase e and lowercase I (e?)