Vowel before are longer for voiced consonants, and shorter for voiceless consonants.
How is vowel length used for voicing distinction in syllable-final stops?
Pat [p(h)�t]
Pad [p(h)�:d]
Examples of minimal pairs that contrast in vowel length.
The tongue contacts the alveolar ridge for the nasal without releasing into the vowel.
What is nasal plosion?
Occurs between a stop and a nasal, syllabic nasal.
When will nasal plosion occur?
Hidden
[HIdn]
Give an example where nasal plosion occurs.
Narrow construction and turbulent noise.
What is the defining feature for fricatives?
Sibilants: Constriction behind teeth. Louder Non-sibilants: Constriction made by teeth. Softer
What is the distinction between sibilants and non-sibilants?
s,z,?,?
What are examples of sibilants?
f,v,?,?
What are examples of non-sibilants?
If lengthening a particular space, lip rounding makes it longer. ?
Which fricatives involve lip rounding as a secondary articulatory gesture?
h: happy, v,f: fake, ?,?: thin, that, s,z: zebra, ?,?: shake, measure
For each fricative, give an example.
Stop + fricative
What is the defining feature for affricates?
t?: church, chocolate
d?: George, Jerry
For each affricate, give an example.
Glottal stop, /t/, button
[?]
Tap, /t/, butter
[?]
Aspirated stop, voiceless stop consonant, tap
[h]
Unreleased stop, stop consonants, tap (ending)
[^]
Syllabic, certain consonants, button
[,]
Long vs. short vowels, tap vs tab
[:]
Nasalized Vowels, Gwen and Emily
[~]
Devoiced, approximants, play
[o]
Velarized, /l/, feel
[~l]
Produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract, less than what's associated with obstruents, but more than what is associated with vowels.
What are approximants?
Semi Vowels
What is another name for approximants?
Glides, liquids
Central, lateral
How are approximants further classified?
L: lake, r:read, w:week, j: yacht
For each approximant, give an example.
Sound change as a result of coarticulation.
What is assimilation?
Previous sound affects next sound (progressive). Later sound affects previous (regressive)
What is the difference between progressive and regressive assimilation?
Elision, epenthesis, vowel reduction, metathesis
What are the 4 types of assimilation?
Omission of a phoneme
Elision
Insertion of a phoneme
Epenthesis
Reduction of a vowel to schwa
Vowel reduction
Transposition of sounds
Metathesis
Difficulty with motonic aspects of speech production.
What is articulation disorder?
Difficulty with sound system of a language or rules associated with a sound system.
What is phonological disorder?
Weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, reduplication, and cluster reduction
Syllable structure processes
Stopping, fronting, deaffrication, glides, vocalization
Substitution processes
Labial assimilation, alveolar assimilation, velar assimilation, prevocalic voicing, and devoicing
Assimilatory Processes
Surprise
/praIz/
Example of a weak syllable deletion (syllable structure processes)
Look
/l?/
Example of final consonant deletion (syllable structure processes)
Baby
/bibi/
Example of reduplication (syllable structure processes)
Clean
/kin/
Example of cluster reduction (syllable structure processes)
Voicing variations in stop consonants, voicing distinction.
Your client has trouble producing the contrast between pairs of words such as pie-buy, tie-dye, and Kye-guy. In particular both pie and buy sound like buy, both tie and dye sound like dye, and both Kye and guy sound like guy. What is the problem?
Aspiration: strong puff of air for p, t, k. Not as much for b,d,g
Your client has trouble producing the contrast between pairs of words such as pie-buy, tie-dye, and Kye-guy. In particular both pie and buy sound like buy, both tie and dye sound like dye, and both Kye and guy sound like guy. How will you help this client
Word final voicing, vowel length
You also notice that the client has trouble producing the contrast between pairs of words such as nap-nab, mat-mad, and knack-nag. This is particularly problematic when the final consonant is not released. What is the problem?
The voiced consonant would have a longer vowel.
You also notice that the client has trouble producing the contrast between pairs of words such as nap-nab, mat-mad, and knack-nag. This is particularly problematic when the final consonant is not released. How do we fix this and what is the rationale?
Place of articulation distinction
The client also has trouble producing the contrast between pairs of woes such as see-she, save-shave, and sue-shoe, what is the problem?
Round lips more for sh- sounds.
The client also has trouble producing the contrast between pairs of woes such as see-she, save-shave, and sue-shoe, how to help the client and rationale?
Cluster reduction
Which syllable structure process is: school to /kul/
Reduplication
Which syllable structure process is: candy to /k�k�/
Weak syllable deletion
Which syllable structure process is: lion to /lai/
Final consonant deletion
Which syllable structure process is: mom to /ma/
Weak syllable deletion
Which syllable structure process is: running to /r?n/
Cluster reduction
Which syllable structure process is: swing to /sI?/
Final consonant deletion
Which syllable structure process is: soap to /so?/
Reduplication
Which syllable structure process is:
Cookie to /kiki/
Cluster reduction
Which syllable structure process is:
Missed to /mIt/
Weak syllable deletion
Which syllable structure process is: water to /wa/
Alveolar
Which assimilation process is: pan to /t�n/
Prevocalic
Which assimilation process is: face to /veIs/
Labial
Which assimilation process is: swim to ?wim
Devoicing
Which assimilation process is: bad to /b�t/
Labial
Which assimilation process is: numb to /m?m/
Prevocalic voicing
Which assimilation process is: Sunny to /z?nI/
Velar
Which assimilation process is: green to /grI?/
Alveolar
Which assimilation process is: sack to /s�t/
Velar
Which assimilation process is: park to /k?rk/
Devoicing
Which assimilation process is: nag to /n�k/
Vocalization
Which substitution process is: mister to /mIst?/
Deaffirication, fronting, and stopping
Which substitution process is: chops to /t?ps/
Deaffrication
Which substitution process is: matches to /m�??z/
Deaffrication
Which substitution process is: cage to /keI?/
Fronting and stopping
Which substitution process is: shampoo to /t�mpu/
gliding and vocalization
Which substitution process is: reel to /wi?/
Deaffrication, fronting, and stopping
Which substitution process is: jumped to /d?mpt/
Gliding and vocalization
Which substitution process is: little to /jito?/
Gliding
Which substitution process is: press and /pw?s/
Gliding
Which substitution process is: yellow to /j?wo?/
Deaffrication
Which substitution process is: choose to /?uz/
Deaffrication and fronting
Which substitution process is: watch to /was/
Consonant
Airstream through the vocal tract is relatively obstructed
Vowels
Airstream through the vocal tract is relatively unobstructed
Phoneme
Two sounds that change meaning (bat, cat)
Allophone
Two sounds that don't change meaning (butter, tap, letter)
Longer pitch, said louder, and higher pitch
3 things that can be used to indicate a stressed vowel?
Monophthong
When the vowel in the word is not primarily stressed.
Diphthong
When the vowel in the word is primarily stressed or at the end.
Tense: both open or closed syllables
Lax: can't be open stressed syllables only closed
What is the most reliable way to judge if a vowel is tense or lax?
Obstruent
Substantial buildup of intraoral pressure behind the sounds.
Sonorants
Little intraoral air pressure behind the sounds.
i, I, e, E, �
Front Vowels
?, ?
?, ?
Central Vowels
U, ?, o/o?, ?, ?
Back Vowels
Bilabial, labio-dental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Place of articulation
Stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids and glides
Manner of articulation
stops, fricatives and affricates
Obstruents include which manners of articulation
Nasals, glides, and liquids
Sonorants include which manners of articulation
Larynx
The biological system directly involved in phonation is
Vocal tract
The biological system directly involved in articulation is
/m/, /b/, /p/, /w/
Bilabial sounds
/f/ and /v/
Labiodental sounds
/?/ and /?/
Interdental sounds
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
Alveolar sounds
/?/ /?/ /t?/ /d?/ /r/ /j/
Palatal sounds
/k/ /g/ /?/ /w/
Velar sounds
/h/
Glottal sounds
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
Stops sounds
/f/ /v/ /?/ /?/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ /h/
Fricatives sounds
/t?/ and /d?/
Affricate sounds
/m/ /n/ /?/
Nasal sounds
/l/ /r/
Liquid sounds
/w/ /j/
Glide sounds
By, dy, gy
Without aspiration and s, spy, sty, sky turn into
P,t,k placed after s makes aspiration go away
Voicing variations in stop consonants
Puff of air release is clearer for listeners
When naP is not released it sounds like nab, what would make it clearer
Homorganic sounds
Sounds that have the same place of articulation, for a nasal plosion to occur within a word there must be a stop followed by a homorganic nasal.
Homorganic nasal
air pressure is built during the stop and then released through the nose by lowering the velum
S is higher because it's front cavity is shorter. Sh is lower because it's front cavity is longer
If you are lengthening a particular space, lip rounding makes it longer
Homorganic fricatives
For affricates, when a stop is followed by a fricative.
L on one or both sides of the tongue is dropped to let air through
Difference between l and d
A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced
Approximants
A voiceless stop
Approximants become voiceless when following what?
Tongue tip touches alveolar ridge
Primary articulation
Tongue center pulled down and back is arched upward as in a back vowel
Secondary articulation
/bjut?f?l/ /fjul/
Transcribe beautiful and fuel
/pI�no?/ is 3 how normally people would say it vs. /pj�no?/ which is only 2. Only 2 vowels in the second version.
Why is there no j in piano
Overlapping of articulators, sounds as articulatory movements: consonant as vowel gestures are mostly overlapping, key vs. caw
Coarticulation
We are equipped with an auditory system to decode 30 sounds per second.
Why do we coarticulate?
Sounds in isolated words (bread and butter)
Citation form
Occurs when a word is unstressed (bread and butter)
Weak form
Occurs when a word is stressed (bread and butter)
Strong form
Pre-vocalic like /lif/
Light /l/
Post-vocalic like /fil/
Dark /l/
Weak form can be efficient, conveying the same meaning with less effort
Can weak form be as good as strong form?
Insufficient use of weak form
How do foreign accents arise?
The change of sound to another because of the influence of a neighboring sound.
Assimilation
Past tense and plural
When does progressive happen?
Syllable structure processes, substitution processes, and assimilatory processes.
What are the phonological processes?