coarticulation
1.) Minor influence of adjacent sounds on one another
2.) Efficient movement of articulators
assimilation
Major change that occurs when a sound is omitted, added or changed to a different word
5 effects of co-articulation
1.) Assimilative nasality
2.) Lip rounding
3.) Omission of sound that shares common features with adjacent sound (horseshoe)
4.) Duration of vowels
5.) Release of stops
Postvocalic stop may be related or not except...
1.) Postvocalic nasal blends always released
2.) Last stop in 2 stop postvocalic blend always released
Connected Speech: Coarticulation
pan
assimilative nasality
Connected Speech: Coarticulation
but
lip rounding
Connected Speech: Coarticulation
horseshoe
omission of sound that shares common features with adjacent sound
What are the two effects of Assimilation?
1.) Regressive (aka right-to-left or anticipatory)
2.) Progressive (aka left-to-right or perseverative)
Regressive (Assimilation)
Articulators anticipate production of phoneme that occurs later
Progressive (Assimilation)
Phoneme changes because of influence of preceding phoneme
Speech produced _____ syllables/second
6
Speech produced ________ phonemes/syllable
2.4
Speech produced ______ sounds/second
14
_________ muscles contract to produce the 14 sounds
100
Assimilation
Final vowel in one word changed depending on whether next word begins with a vowel or consonant
The apple vs. The boy
Assimilation
Loss of phoneme identity
/n/ in "finger" is changed to /ng/ because of influence of g
Assimilation
/m, n, l/ become syllablic in postvocalic position when following consonant with same place of articulation
little, button
Assimilation
"-ed" voicing characteristics of preceding phoneme will determine if /t/ or /d/ is heard
teamed vs taped
Elision
Omission of a phoneme during speech production
Why does Elision occur?
Because of coarticulation, normal variation or speech disorder
Example of Elision
cup of coffee ---> v is omitted
Epenthesis
Addition of phoneme in words
Why does Epenthesis occur?
Because of coarticulation, normal speaker variation, or speech disorder
When does a glottal stop intrusion occur?
It occurs between two vowels
Eddie eats apples.
Epenthesis
/w/ and /j/ intrusion to seperate ________
vowels
When does a stop intrusion occur?
Occurs when a nasal consonant precede a voiceless fricative
warmth ---> intrusive p
Metathesis
Transposition of sounds in words
When does Metathesis occur?
Because of mistake, dialect, speech disorder
ask ---> /aks/
Vowel Reduction
Full vowel reduced to schwa
Why does Vowel Reduction occur?
Because of timing constraints in connected speech and stress; word changes when it is lengthen
concept vs conception
Suprasegmentals
Characteristics of speech that influence units larger than phonemes (syllables, words, phrases); includes prosodic and paralinguistic features
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Tempo
Loudness
Paralinguistics
Voice Quality
Emotion
Speaking Style
Perception of stress related to 3 acoustic parameters:
Duration
Intensity
Fundamental Frequency
Stressed syllable associated with:
Larger (more extreme) articulatory movements
Longer duration
Rhythm
Distribution of different levels of stress across a syllable chain
Phonetic Stress (accent) can change......
Pronunciation
Meaning of Word
Presence or absence of secondary stress
Phonetic stress can change pronunciation through vowel identity in ___________ _____________ is frequently neutralized to a schwa
unstressed syllable
Phonetic stress can change the meaninging of the word by the _____________ _________ in 1st vs. 2nd syllable
primary accent
stress indicates verb or noun
Phonetic stress can change the meaning of the word by the _________ or ____________ of secondary stress
presence or absence
calendar
calculate
television
Germany
vagabond
Stress on 1st syllable
producer
rehearsal
contagious
behavior
chronology
Stress on 2nd syllable
situation
epidemic
generation
intermission
independepnt
nationality
anthropology
competition
Stress on 3rd syllable
Words that end in _______ have the stress on the 4th syllable?
-tion
Who do unstressed syllables occur?
When 2 homorganic consonants are present, a reduction in stress leads to 1 taking on uncles function.
cattle
button
Extreme stress reduction can result in loss of unstressed syllable
family famli
camera camra
chocolate choclate
Contrastive stress (emphasis) refers to stress of a word within a _________
sentence
Contrastive stress (emphasis) _______ words typically receive sentence stress
content
Contrastive stress is indicated through ___________, ___________, ____________
Underlining
Italicizing
Bolding
Spondees
Two syllable words that have equal stress on both syllables
greyhound
horseshoe
baseball
hothouse
spondee words
When are spondee words used?
Used in audiological assessments
Intonation
Modification of voice pitch
When in is intonation used?
For new information: speaker lengthens new/critical word and increase of fundamental frequency
2 types of Intonation found in English
Falling
Rising
Intonation: Falling or rising?
"Where is the lettuce?"
"Why did you do it?"
"Give me the phone." (command)
Falling
Intonation: Falling or rising?
"Has the plane landed yet?" (yes/no ?)
"I think she looks great, don't you?" (tag ?)
"I want the red, blue, and yellow one." (Reciting lists)
Rising
Tempo
Refers to durational aspects of connected speech
Pause
Used to....
1.) mark boundaries
2.) indicate presence of new thought
3.) emphasize point in conversation
4.) enhance listener anticipation
5.) denotes speaker hesitations
Juncture
The way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech
External juncture
Pause between two intonational phrases
Internal juncture
Pause between two words in a phrase
As rate __________, duration of individual speech components __________.
increase / decrease
Phase-Final Lengthening
Lengthening of last stressed syllable in a major phrase; assists listener in identifying structure of sentence
Loudness
1.) Perceived magnitude/strength of a sound
2.) Varies with amplitude of the acoustic signal