The Four Co-articulatory Phases
Elision, Epenthesis, Metathesis, Vowel Reduction
Elision
phonemes are eliminated during production due to particular phonetic contexts. Ex. exactly, camera, friendship,bands.
Epenthesis
additional phonemes are sometimes inserted in words due to:
1) Coarticulation
2) Dialect
3) Speech Disorder
Ex. Ohio, we own, and Chomsky
Metathasis
transposition of sounds in a word due to:
1) "slip of the tongue"
2) dialect
3) speech disorder.
Ex. elephant turned to ephelant
Vowel Reduction
full form of the vowel becomes more like the schwa. Example: [ai kaen go] to [ai k?n go]
Heavy Aspiration
notated with [? ] or c instead of the h. Used with unvoiced stop phonemes that are singletons and stressed /p,t,k/. Example: in the word pot
Light Aspiration
notated with the backwards [?], used with consonant clusters. Example: in the word spot
Unreleased Stops
[ ?] used at the end of a word with a stop that is not released. Example: the /t/ in the word pot
Dentalization
putting tongue on teeth instead of the alveolar ridge. Occurs when an alveolar sound shifts forward under the indifference of an interdental sound. [ ? ] Example: [t?n??]
Abutting Sounds
when the same sound arrests one syllable and releases the next, lengthening usually results. For example "stop pushing" would be transcribed as [stap?????]
Nasalization
the nasalized vowel or stop consonant that is produced with nasal airflow. [ ? ] For example: [m�?n]
Lip Rounding
/k/ is usually unrounded but in the word "creek" it is rounded because of the /r/. [krik] with a small /w/ below the /k/.
Devoicing of Liquids
liquid is unvoiced after a voiceless stop, marked as [ ? ] below the unvoiced liquid.
Clear l
alveolar placement, symbolized as /l/ with an [,] under it. Heard in the word fleet
Dark l
retracted and palatized symbolized as [?], heard in the word lock or leak.
Velar l
tongue contact occurs at the velum; symbolized as [L]; heard in the word talcum.
/w/
manner: glides
place: bilabial
voicing: voiced
/j/
manner: glides
place: palatal
voicing: voiced
/r/
manner: liquid
place: palatal (non-vowelized)
voicing: voiced
/l/
manner: liquid
place: alveolar
voicing: voiced
Rhotic Dipthongs
[?r] heard in "car"
[?r] heard in "air"
[?r] heard in "chore"
[a?r] heard in "fire"
[?r] heard in "hear"
[?r] heard in "pour
/m/
manner: nasal
place: bilabial
voicing: voiced
/n/
manner: nasal
place: alveolar
voicing: voiced
/?/
manner: nasal
place: velar
voicing: voiced
/t/
manner: stop
place: alveolar
voicing: voiceless
/d/
manner: stop
place: alveolar
voicing: voiced
/k/
manner: stop
place: velar
voicing: voiceless
/g/
manner: stop
place: velar
voicing: voiced
/p/
manner: stop
place: bilabial
voicing: voiceless
/b/
manner: stop
place: bilabial
voicing: voiced
/s/
manner: fricative
place:alveolar
voicing: voiceless
/z/
manner: fricative
place: alveolar
voicing: voiced
/f/
manner: fricative
place: labiodental
voicing: voiceless
/v/
manner: fricative
place: labiodental
voicing: voiced
/?/
manner: fricative
place: interdental
voicing: voiceless
/�/
manner: fricative
place: interdental
voicing: voiced
/?/
manner: fricative
place: palatal
voicing: voiceless
/?/
manner: fricative
placing: palatal
voicing: voiced
/t?/
manner: affricate
placing: palatal
voicing: voiceless
/d?/
manner: affricate
placing: palatal
voicing: voiceless