The study of a listener's psychoacoustic response to speech sounds
Perceptual Phonetics
The study and transcription of speech sound disorders
clinical phonetics
The laboratory study of phonetics
Experimental phonetics
The study of the function of the speech organs during the process of speaking
Physiological phonetics
The study of sound changes in words
historical phonetics
The study of the frequency, intensity, and duration of the various consonants and vowels
Acoustic Phonetics
The systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language
Phonology
Difference between phonology and phonetics
-Phonetics focuses on the study of speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual characteristics, and how they are produced by speech organs
-Phonology focuses on the linguistic rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized
Semantic rules are for
utterancing meaning
Pragmatic rules are for
language use
The major rule systems used in production of language
Phonological
Syntactic/ Morphological rules
Semantic rules
Pragmatic rules
name the branches of phonetics
Historical Phonetics
Physiological Phonetics
Acoustic Phonetics
Perceptual Phonetics
Experimental Phonetics
What is a phonetic Alphabet?
An alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language
What is the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning?
Morpheme
Three ways you can enter phonetic symbols into a document using a Unicode font?
1) Alternate Keyboard Layout
2) Enter the Code point for each IPA symbol
3) insert each symbol individually by using character maps
What's the difference between a diagraph and allograph?
Diagraph- Pair of letters that represent one sound; letters may be the same or different. (e.g. lOOk,THink, and EAr)
Allograph- Different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound/phoneme i. e. Loop,through, threw, fruit, canoe
What is a phoneme?
A speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes
What is a grapheme?
A printed alphabet letter used in the representation of an allograph
Complementary Distribution
Allophones are NOT interchangable due to the phonetic constraints of the vowel in each word.
Examples of Complementary distribution
-/k/ sound in the word "kid", while /k/ in "could" is produced further back.
-/p/ in the words "pit" and "spit" --using aspiration or it will be unaspirated..depending on where the p is pronounced
Free Variation
-Not linked to phonetic context and can be exchanged for another one; they are free to vary.
-explode or don't explode, it's the same.
Onset
All consonants preceding a vowel in any syllable, not all syllables contain an onset
Rhyme
A syllable segment consisting of an obligatory nucleus and an optional coda
Nucleus
The part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; usually, but not always a vowel.
Coda
The consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables have a coda
Difference b/w open and closed syllables
Open Syllables end with a vowel phoneme and no coda
Closed syllables- DO have a coda
Example of open syllables
He Allow
Bow Daily
May Belie
Rye Zebra
Through Hobo
Example of Closed Syllables
Corn Captive
Suave Chalice
Wish Dentist
Charge English
Slammed Invest
Minimal Pairs
A pair of words that vary by only one phoneme
Example of minimal pairs
E.g. Cook/book
Passed/Last
Phonemic(Broad) Transcription
the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet.
-Virgules( or slash marks) always are used with phonemic transcription
-An Example
Allophonic(Narrow) Transcription
Relies on specialized symbols called "diacritics" to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription.
-Transcription of the word "ball" with a velarized or "dark" /l/ would be [bal]
-uses BRACKETS not Virgules or
Impressionistic Transcription
-Nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis
How many sounds are in the English language?
44
Free Fonts
Doulos SIL
Gentium
Phonetic Alphabet
An alphabet that contains a separate letter for each sound
Allographs
Different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same SOUND
Ex of an allograph
bAIL, mALE; lOOP & thREW, through
Diagraph
pairs of letters that represent one sound
example of a diagraph
hOOt, hEED,tiSSue,
Words that vary by only one phoneme
Minimal Pairs/Minimal Contrast
Diacritics
A specialized phonetic symbol used in both systematic and impressionistic transcription to represent both allophone production, as well as suprasegmental features of speech
Example of a minimal pair
Look/Book
Cat/Cab
Hear/Beer
Through/Brew
Clip/Click
Brine/Bright
Allophone
Variant production of a phoneme
Complementary distribution
Allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment
Coda
The consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables have a coda
Nucleus
The part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; usually, but not always, a vowel
Onset
All consonants preceding a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables contain an onset
Rhyme
A syllable segment consisting of an obligatory nucleus(usually a vowel) and an optional coda
Systemic Narrow Transcription
Allophonic transcription of an individual, used when the rules of the language are known; also referred to as narrow transcription or Allophonic transcription
Impressionistic Transcription
Allophonic transcription of an unknown speaker or an unknown language
Diacritics
A specialized phonetic symbol used in both systematic and impressionistic transcription to represent both allophone production as well as suprasegmental features of speech
Suprasegmental
#NAME?
Which type of transcription relies on diacritics to show modifications in the production of a follow or consonant phoneme during transcription?
Systematic Narrow Transcription
Which type of transcription uses allophonic transcription?
Impressionistic Transcription ( narrow)
Which type of transcription is phonemic?
Systemic (Broad) Transcription
Which type of transcription doesnt transcribe varied pronunciations?
Systematic
Which transcription uses diacritics to indicate sounds?
Systematic
Two components of rhyme
Coda and Nucleus
Syllabic Consonants
Consonants that take on the role of the vowel
Syllables that end in a vowel
Open Syllables
Syllables that end in a consonant
Closed Syllables
Phonemes that occur in a syllable or word have rules which are called what?
Phonotactic Rules
The relative loudness of the individual speech sounds of a language
Sonority
The peak of greatest energy in word
Sonorant Peak
Peak of the least energy
Trough
Two other words for word stress
word accent
lexical stress
What term is "phonemic" associated with?
Broad Transcription
Use of Virgules/slash marks
Systemic Transcription
What term is "allophonic" associated with?
Narrow Transcription
Use of Brackets
Systematic transcription
Impressionistic
Narrow Transcription
Use of brackets
Bernoulli Effect
A drop in air pressure, created by an increase in airflow through a constriction; helps to explain, in part, vocal fold adduction
Epiglottis
A cartilaginous structure that protects the larynx from food and drink during swallowing
Glottis
Space between vocal folds
Cricoid Cartilage
The most inferior cartilage of the larynx, shaped like a class ring
Arytenoid Cartilages
Paired cartilages of the larynx that attach to the superior portion of the cricoid cartilage; Each vocal fold attaches to one artyneoid cartilage
Timbre
Sound Quality
Quality
The perceptual character of a sound based on its acoustic resonance patterns; timbre
Fundamental Frequency
The basic rate of vibration of the vocal folds
Habitual pitch
The inherent fundamental frequency of a given individual
What is the Supralaryngeal comprised of?
Pharynx, throat, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and the articulators
Pharynx in ascending order
Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Major articulators that are in the oral cavity
Lips
Teeth
Tooth
Alveolar Ridge
Velum
Palate
Glottis
Why does every phoneme have a unique sound quality?
Unique vocal tract shape and Vibratory pattern or resonance
During oral phonemes, what resonates?
Only the Oral and Pharyngeal
During nasal sounds, where are there acoustic vibrations?
Only Nasal cavity
Phonemes that involve the articulation of the lower lip and teeth
Labiodental
Phonemes that are produced by the tongue and the teeth
Dental or Interdental
The bony ridge containing the sockets of the teeth
Alveolar Ridge
What is located directly posterior to the upper, central incisors?
Alveolar Ridge
Examples of Alveolar Phonemes
/t/ /s/
/d/ /z/
/l/
/n/
examples of palatal sounds
Ship
You
examples of velar sounds
initial sounds in the words Kite Goat and "ng" at the end of the word King
what other languages is the uvula used in production of speech?
French and Arabic
Velopharyngeal closure
a constriction formed by the velum and the rear wall of the pharynx, resulting in a diversion of the airstream into the oral cavity
Labiodental
A consonant produced with a constriction formed by the lower lip and upper central incisors ; e.g. /f/ and /v/
Phonemes that are produced with a raised velum
Oral Phonemes
Phonemes produced with the mouth is closed & velum lowered are called
Nasal Phonemes
Three nasal phonemes
/m/
/n/
and the "ng" sound
Glottal sounds
the /h/ sound ( it doesnt vibrate and is considered voiceless)
The primary articulator of all English vowels
the tongue
what does the tongue articulate with in production of the consonats
the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, and velum
What is the root of the tongue attached to?
The mandible
Landmarks of the tongue
Tip
Blade
Body- composed of the front and back
Entire tongue body
Dorsum
how is the t phoneme produced?
By placing the apex/blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge
How is the phoneme g produced?
By articulation of the back of the tongue and soft palate
What is responsible for habitual pitch?
Fundamental Frequency
The structures in the Supra-laryngeal system comprise what is known as the ______ ____
Vocal tract