language
________ is a code or system of symbols used to express concepts through exposure and experience.
phonology
________ is the scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language.
phonemes
________ are the smallest units of sound that can affect meaning.
a. morphemes
b. phonemes
c. allophones
d. syllables
e. none of the above
allophones
_______ are variations of phonemes.
a. morphemes
b. homophones
c. allophones
d. syllables
e. none of the above
phonemic, phonetic
The term _______ refers to the abstract system of sounds, while the term _______ refers to concrete productions of specific sounds.
phonetic, phonemic
________ transcription uses brackets, while _______ transcription uses slash marks.
True
True/False: Different orthographic symbols can be used to denote the same sound.
vowels, consonants, diphthongs
IPA symbols fall into these 3 basic categories:
diacritics
________ are special symbols used in narrow phonetic transcription.
syllable
The ________ is defined as the smallest phonetic unit.
a. morpheme
b. phoneme
c. allophone
d. syllable
e. none of the above
onset, nucleus, coda
Syllables are motor units composed of these 3 parts:
rhyme
The nucleus and coda are collectively known as the _______.
/l/, /m/, /n/
The following 3 consonants are syllabic, because they can also form the nucleus of a syllable:
open, closed
______ syllables end in vowels, while _____ syllables end in consonants.
distinctive feature analysis, place-voice-manner analysis
________ and _______ are the two main systems for classifying speech sounds.
distinctive feature analysis
The basic concept of the ________ classification approach is that each phoneme is a collection of independent features.
manner
_______ of production refers to the degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production.
a. place
b. manner
c. voicing
place
Bilabial, alveolar, and glottal describe _______ of production.
a. place
b. manner
c. voicing
manner
Stops, nasals, and fricatives describe _______ of production.
a. place
b. manner
c. voicing
/p/
Name a bilabial voiceless stop.
/�/
Name a linguadental voiced fricative.
/?/
Name a linguapalatal voiceless affricate.
/j/
Name a linguapalatal glide.
/s/
Name a lingua-alveolar voiceless fricative.
/?/
Name a linguapalatal voiced fricative.
consonants
________ are speech sounds produced by articulatory movements that modify the airstream in some manner.
vocalic
_______ sounds include all vowels and the consonants /r/ and /l/.
a. vocalic
b. sonorant
c. continuant
d. lateral
e. none of the above
/l/
The only lateral sound is _____.
/k/, /g/, /?/
3 backed sounds are:
continuant
_______ sounds are produced with an incomplete point of constriction; thus, the airflow is not entirely stopped at any time.
a. sonorant
b. continuant
c. vocalic
d. strident
e. none of the above
/?/
The production of the phoneme ____ defines the boundary between anterior and nonanterior sounds.
coronal
______ sounds are produced with the tongue blade raised above the neutral schwa position.
a. strident
b. obstruent
c. coronal
d. round
e. none of the above
/r/, /w/
Round sounds are ___ and ___.
strident
_______ sounds are produced by forcing the airstream through a small, constricted opening, resulting in an intense noise.
a. strident
b. obstruent
c. interrupted
d. sonorant
e. none of the above
sonorant
_______ sounds are produced by allowing the airstream to pass relatively uninterrupted through the nasal or oral cavity. There is no stoppage or point of constriction.
a. strident
b. obstruent
c. coronal
d. sonorant
e. none of the above
interrupted
_______ sounds are produced by complete blockage of the airstream at the point of constriction.
a. strident
b. obstruent
c. interrupted
d. sonorant
e. none of the above
/l/, /r/, /w/, /j/
Approximates include the following 4 sounds:
rhotic
_______ is a term used to describe /r/ and its allophonic variations.
glides
______ are also called semivowels or sonorants.
liquids
______ are produced with the least oral cavity restriction of all the consonants.
retroflex, bunched
/r/ can be produced in the following two ways:
vocal tract
Resonance patterns for the vowels are shaped by the _________.
lip position
tense/lax qualities
tongue height
tongue forwardness/retraction
Vowels are characterized according to the following 4 dimensions:
?, i
List the high front vowel(s):
e, ?
List the mid front vowel(s):
�
List the low front vowel(s):
?, ?, ?, ?
List the central vowel(s):
u, ?
List the high back vowel(s):
?, o
List the mid back vowel(s):
?
List the low back vowel(s):
diphthongs
________ are produced as a slow gliding movement from one vowel (onglide) to the adjacent vowel (offglide).
a?
Name the diphthong found in these words:
pipe, my, might, right
a?
Name the diphthong found in these words:
cow, house, town, pout
?i
Name the diphthong found in these words:
toil, boy, loiter
e?
Name the diphthong found in these words:
vacation, take, face
o?
Name the diphthong found in these words:
loan, throne, phone