Macromolecules
Are large molecules and are complex
Monomers
Repeating units that serve as building blocks
Enzymes
Are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers
Dehydration reaction
occurs when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
Cabohydrates
includes sugars and the polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides
have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose
The most common monosaccharide
Disaccharide
is formed when dehydration reactions joins 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
Starch
A storage polysaccharide of plants consist of glucose monomers
Glycogen
Is a storage polysaccharide in animals
Cellulose
is a major component of the touch wall fo plant cells
Chitin
Another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
Lipids
are the one class of large biological molecules that not include true polymers
Fats
Are constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acid
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Saturated fatty acids
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Unsaturrated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds
Hydrogenation
is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Tans fats
May contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease
phospholipid
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
Steroids
are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
Cholesterol
A type of steroid is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized