...
prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open potassium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.
False!
you have lost the sensation, but not the movment, in one of your hands due to a problem with your spinal chord neurons. based upon these symptoms, what type of neuron was most likely affected?
afferent neuron!
the period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the___________.
Absolute refractory period.
Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity.
True!
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
found in the retina of the eye
When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic cell?
hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following?
inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?
Voltage-gated channel
Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following
neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments
Strong stimuli cause the frequency of action potentials generated to increase.
True!
The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?
Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.
These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
ependymal cells
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons?
#NAME?
Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites?
#NAME?
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
brain and spinal cord
A cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ________.
ganglion
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine
Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?
Schwann cells
If a postsynaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________.
a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP
Which of the following events could cause depolarization?
calcium ions (positive) come into the neuron
A nerve impulse is sent ____________ the cell body?
20sec
2 - Quiz
In this diagram, what is A?
20sec
neuron that looks like a T
Unipolar neuron
looks like a piece of candy
Bipolar neuron
looks like a normal nerve cell with an axon.
multipolar neuron
which neuron would activate to a muscle?
multipolar neuron
which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye?
bipolar neuron
which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc?
Unipolar neuron
which neuron is never myelinated?
bipolar neuron
which neuron is typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell?
Bi polar neuron
in a reflex arc which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal chord?
multipolar neuron
which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal chord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves?
Unipolar neuron
which is by far the most common neuron type?
Multipolar neuron
cells that are ciliated so that they can help move cerebral spinal fluid. they are located in the central cavities of the brain and spinal column.
ependymal cells
The lateral sulcus separates which lobes?
temporal from parietal
What is the name of the section of nerve fibers that extend below the conus medullaris?
cauda equina
The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column.
TRUE
What is the space between the dura mater and vertebrae called (typically contains fat tissue and blood vessels)?
epidural space
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
infundibulum
An elevated ridge of the cortex is called a ________.
gyrus
The corpus callosum connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum
FALSE
The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
TRUE
What groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
diencephalon
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________.
parietal lobe
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
FALSE
The arbor vitae refers to ________.
cerebellar white matter
The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.
hippocampus
An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.
paraplegia
Emotional memory ________.
involves your pounding heart when you hear a rattlesnake
Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.
dorsal (posterior) horn
Interoceptors respond to stimuli arising outside the body.
FALSE
Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________.
involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior
The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.
TRUE
Which connective tissue is found on the outside of a nerve?
epineurium
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
a complete loss of voluntary movement
A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________.
femoral
We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following
proprioceptors
A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________.
tendon reflex
What true about cranial nerves III, IV, and VI?
They move the eyeball.
Which receptors respond to stimuli within the body?
interoceptors
A nociceptor senses pain.
TRUE
A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and right. Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT being tested?
the trochlear nerve (IV)
the oculomotor nerve (III)
the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
the abducens (VI)
Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order) ________.
roots, trunks, divisions, and cords
Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers.
TRUE
After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
Schwann cells
The odd tingling sensation that you experiences when you hit the funny bone is due to trauma to the ________ nerve.
ulnar
Regeneration within the CNS ________.
is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes
Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.
True!
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
How many cranial nerves innervate muscles around the eye?
3
If someone spills very hot coffee (200�F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?
nociceptors
Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
Somatic and visceral reflex arcs are similar, but visceral reflex arcs lack ganglionic neurons in the effector pathway.
FALSE
Which receptor type is classified by stimulus location?
exteroreceptors
Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.
TRUE
Where would you NOT find autonomic ganglia?
within spinal cord
The sympathetic nervous system has what effect on pupil size?
dialation
What hormone is secreted by postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sweat glands?
acetylcholine
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar
Some large arteries that are proximal to the heart are sensitive to the stretch of the blood vessels. This stretch indicates the blood's pressure. Which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described abo
mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors
The sympathetic pathway has ________ preganglionic fibers and ________ postganglionic fibers.
short; long
Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic division?
contracts smooth muscle of the bladder wall and relaxes urethral sphincter
Which of the following is mismatched?
promotes urination; sympathetic
The sympathetic nervous system has most of its ganglia in the sympathetic trunk, whereas; the parasympathetic nervous system has its ganglia located closer to the organ it innervates.
TRUE
Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve ________.
X (vagus)
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
hypothalamus
The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
sympathetic stimulation
The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.
TRUE
The sympathetic nervous system has most of its ganglia in the sympathetic trunk, whereas; the parasympathetic nervous system has its ganglia located closer to the organ it innervates
TRUE
The preganglionic axons of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons are ________.
cholinergic; they release acetylcholine
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
vagus (X) nerves
Which of the following is mismatched?
parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?
ganglion cells
Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?
Medial rectus
The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.
...
Dancers will use a technique called "spotting" when they perform spins of the body. By holding their head and eyes on a fixed point in front of them as their body spins they reduce the amount of head spinning and this prevents dizziness. Which of the foll
Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris.
Sour taste receptors are stimulated by sodium ions of acidic food substances.
FALSE
Motion sickness seems to ________.
result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs
The optic disc forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.
TRUE
A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result?
The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds.
Tom is a 45-year-old male that has lost his ability to hear high-frequency sounds. The most likely explanation for this would be ________.
damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?
They are unipolar neurons.
Which of the following best describes the function of the iris?
controls amount of light entering eye
The elasticity of the lens decreases with age. This leads to which of the following?
less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear?
pharyngotympanic tube
In a person who is color-blind, which of the following would you most expect to see?
absence of green or red cones in their foveae
Sound is generally perceived in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
TRUE
The ability to clearly see objects at a distance but not close up is properly called ________.
hyperopia
Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.
cochlea
The ________ of the retina detect color and function only in ________ light.
cones, bright
What is the primary function of cerumen?
cleans and lubricates the external auditory canal
Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors?
Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types.
Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it?
umami-triglycerides and fatty acids
The photoreceptors in the eye are located on the inward facing side (closest to the vitreous humor) of the retina.
FALSE