Weight & Height in Late Childhood
grow 2-3 inches, and gain 5-7 pounds a year
Learning Disability
a child who has difficulty in leaning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, it can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling or math
Dyslexia
category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
Dysgraphia
a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting
Dyscalculia
learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
disability where children consistently show inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity
Autistic Disorder
severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and include deficiencies in social relationships, communication, and stereotyped behaviors
Asperger Syndrome
mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and restricted range of interests and relationships
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated
Concrete Operational Stage
age 7-11, concrete operations are applied and understood in real world situations, EX: interpreting a family tree
3 Important Aspects of Thinking
critically, creatively and scientifically
Critical Thinking
thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating evidence
Mindfulness
being alert, metnally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks
Creative Thinking
the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
Convergent Thinking
thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests
Divergent Thinking
thinking that produces many answer to the same questions and is characteristic of creativity
Intelligence
problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life
Mental Age (MA)
Binet's measure of an individual's level of mental development, compared with that of others
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life
Organic Retardation
mental retardation that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage, EX: Down Syndrome- extra copy of chromosome 21
Cultural-Familial Retardation
retardation that is characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual's IQ is generally between 50 and 70
Gifted
having above average intelligence (IQ 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something
Self-esteem
the global evaluative dimension of the self, also referred to as self-worth or self-image
Self-concept
domain-specific evaluation of the self
Preconventional Reasoning
lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishment
Heteronomous Morality
Kohlberg's first stage of preconventional reasoning, moral thinking is tied to punishment
Individualism, Instrumental purpose and exchange
Kohlberg's second stage of preconventional reasoning, individual's pursue their own interests but also let others do the same
Conventional Reasoning
second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals abide by certain standards but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Kohlberg's third stage of moral development, individual's value trust, caring and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments
Social system morality
Kohlberg's fourth stage of moral development, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty
Postconventional Reasoning
highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decided on a personal moral code
Social contract or utility and individual rights
Kohlberg's fifth stage of moral development, individual's reason that values, rights, and principles support or exceeds t the law
Universal ethical principles
Kohlberg's sixth stage of moral development, individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights
Popular Children
children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and ar rarely disliked by their peers
Average Children
children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers
Neglected Children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
Rejected Children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
Controversial Children
children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked