Physical domain major tasks are what?
locomotion and continued motor development
1. Physical growth
2. Motor development
Physical Growth
a. Reduced rate of growth between 2 and 6 years, resulting in fewer caloric needs and decreased appetite
b. Growth in length is approx. 3 inches per year and weight gain approx. 4 pounds
c. Average U.S. 6 year old weighs about 46 lbs. and is 46 inches tal
Motor development
a. Central nervous system (CNS) maturation during toddler and preschool years allows for better control and coordination of both gross motor and fine motor skills
b. Motor development milestones
Motor development milestones: At birth- 3 months
Lifts and turns head when lying prone
When lying supine, will turn head to hear or see something
Random movements become more purposeful but are typically large, jerky movements
Brings hands to mouth
Grasp is a reflex
Motor development milestones: At 3- 6 months
Actively moves arm (reaches and swipes) when child sees an object of interest
Grasps object voluntarily
Plays with own hands and feet
Watches/plays with hands/toys at midline
Transfers toys from hand to hand
When lying prone, lifts head and chest with wei
Motor development milestones: At 6 - 9 months
Uses index finger to poke
Holds an object in each hand and plays with each
Transfers objects from hand to hand
Pivots on stomach
Pulls to hands and knees
Sits without help, plays with toys
Motor development milestones: 9-12 months
Picks things up with pincer grasp (thumb and one finger)
Drops and picks up a toy
Manipulates toys with hands and fingers
Uses both hands together to play
Creeps (moves forward on hands and knees)
Pulls to standing
Stands without support
Walks with suppor
Motor development milestones: At 12-18 months:
Walks alone
Begins to walk sideways and backward
Comes to standing without support
Crawls up and down stairs
Picks up small objects
Stacks one object on top of another
Puts object in and dumps them out of containers
Pills apart objects, such as pop beads
Motor development milestones: At 2-3 years
Walks well, runs, stops, steps up, squats down
Walks on tiptoes
Walks up stairs with an alternating foot pattern with one hand on rail
Walks down stairs with a same-step foot placement
Jumps 2 inches off ground or over a 2 inch hurdle
Jumps down from a st
Motor development milestones: At 3-4 years
Can run around obstacles
Can stand on one foot for 3-5 seconds
Stands on tiptoes for 3-5 seconds
Can walk on a line without stepping off
Can hop on one foot
Rides a tricycle
Can jump forward, down, and over objects with feet together
Catches a medium-size
Motor development milestones: At 4-5 years
Can stand on one foot for 10 seconds
Stands on tiptoes for 8 seconds without moving feet
Hops forward on one foot for 5 hops
Walks on a line backward
Can complete a forward roll/somersault
Gallops and skips forward
Walks up and down stairs, alternation st
Motor development milestones: At 5-6 years
Skips, maintaining balance and rhythm
Hops forward 20 feet without losing balance or letting the other foot touch the floor
Jumps rope
Walks on a balance beam
Jumps over hurdles of 10 inches high with a two-footed take-off and landing
Jumps sideways back
Cognitive Development
Symbolic thinking and increased language development
a. Preoperational thinking (Piaget)
1.)Preconceptual (2-4 years)
2.) Intuitive (2-7 years)
b. Centration--preschoolers tendency to focus on one idea or characteristic feature of an object or situation a
Psychosocial Development major tasks include what?
autonomy, impulse control/discipline, and gender identity
a. Parenting styles and disciple
1.) Authoritarian
2.) Permissive parenting
3.) Authoritative parenting
b. Aggression and impulse control
1.) Instrumental aggression
2.) Hostile aggression
c.) Play
Authoritarian parent
strict parenting with firm or harsh discipline and without questioning; high expectations, low support, low parent-child communication
Permissive parenting
few demands and low expectations
a.) Democratic-indulgent: low expectations with high support and high parent-child communication
b.) Permissive-neglectful: low expectations with low support and low parent-child communication
Authoritative parenting
firm limits but opportunity for dialogue; high expectations, high support, and high parent-child communication; associated with best child outcomes
Instrumental aggression
common form of aggression among preschoolers focused on retrieving an object, space or special privilege; frequency decreases with increased understanding of sharing and impulse control
Hostile aggression
person-oriented aggression that is not common among preschoolers but may emerge with school entry if impulse control remains problematic