basic trust vs. mistrust
Erikson's theory that in the psychological conflict of INFANCY, is resolved positively when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving
trusting infant
believes world is good/kind ? enticed to explore
mistrusting infant
does not believe the world is good ? withdraws into themselves
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Erikson's theory that in psychological conflict in TODDLERHOOD ? resolved when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices
basic emotions
emotions that are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival
what are the basic emotions
DAF HISS
happiness
interest
surprise
fear
anger
sadness
disgust
self-conscious emotions
emotions involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self
what are the self-conscious emotions
GESP
guilt
embarrassment
shame
pride
emotional self-regulation
strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
temperament
early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
reactivity
part of temperament:
quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity
self-regulation
part of temperament:
strategies that modify reactivity
easy child
temperament is characterized by quick establishment of regular routines in infancy, general cheerfulness, and easy adaptations to new experiences (40%)
difficult child
temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely (10%)
slow-to-warm-up child
temperament is characterized by inactivity; mild, low key reactions to environmental stimuli; negative mood; slow adjustments to new experiences (15%)
effortful control
the self-regulatory dimension of temperament ? involves the capacity to voluntarily compress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response
inhibited/shy child
temperament is such that the child reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli
uninhibited/social child
temperament is such that the child displays positive emotions to and approaches novel stimuli
goodness-of-fit model
a model that describes how favorable adjustment depends on an effective match, or good fit, between a child's temperament and the child-rearing environment
attachment
the strong affectionate tie that humans have with special people in their lives, which leads them to feel pleasure when interacting with those people and to to comforted by their nearness in times of stress
ethological theory of attachment
regards the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival
-most widely accepted view of attachment
preattachment phase
(birth - 6 weeks) built in signals (grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into adults' eyes) help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans
attachment in the making" phase
(6 weeks - 8 months) respond different to family caregiver than stranger; infants learn that their actions affect the behavior of those around them ? creates a sense of trust
sense of trust
part of "attachment in the making"
the expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled
clear cut" attachment phase
(8 months - 2 years) display separation anxiety
separation anxiety
becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves
formation of reciprocal relationship
(2 years ?) rapid growth in representation and language allows toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent's going and returning ? decreases separation protest
internal working model
a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and the likelihood that they will provide support in times of stress
Strange Separations
a laboratory procedure used to access the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age by observing the baby's response to eight short episodes involving brief separations from and reunions with the caregiver in an unfamiliar playroom
what does Strange Separations measure?
secure attachment
avoidant attachment
resistant attachment
disorganized/disoriented attachment
secure attachment
infants who use the parent as a secure base from which to explore, may be distressed by parental separation, but actively seek contact and are easily comforted by the parent when she returns
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present, are usually not distressed by parental separation, react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent, and avoid or are slow to greet the parent when she returns
resistant attachment
infants who remain close to the parent and fail to explore before the separation, are usually distressed when the parent leaves, and combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior when the parent returns
disorganized/disorientated attachment
(reflects the greatest insecurity) infants who show confuse, contradictory responses when reunited with the parent after a separation
attachment Q-sort
a method for assessing the quality of attachment in children between 1 and 4 years of age through home observations of a variety of attachment-related behaviors
sensitive caregiving
caregiving that includes responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully
self-recognition
identification of the self as a physically unique being
scale errors
attempting to do something that their body size makes impossible
empathy
the ability to understand another's emotional state and to feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way
-emerges in toddlerhood
categorical self
(18 - 30 months) classification of the self according to prominent ways in which people differ (i.e. age, sex, physical characteristics, and goodness/badness)
when does categorical self occur?
18 - 30 months
compliance
voluntary obedience to requests and demands
delay of gratification
the ability to wait for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act
secure base
the familiar caregiver as a point from which the baby explores, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support
social grin
the infant's broad grin, evoked by the parent's communication (first appears 6-10 weeks of age)
stranger anxiety
the infant's expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults (appears in second half of first year)
social referencing
actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation