specificity of the fear causing source
. A counselor completing a report for an insurance company was required to indicate whether a client had a phobia or an anxiety reaction. The counselor knew that the primary distinction between the two conditions is the
occurring throughout life in which a person is becoming a unique individual.
. Counselors adhering to the personality theory espoused by C.G. Jung often have to help people with problems related to what Jung called "individuation." Jung defined this term as the process
successfully met the challenges of the previous stages.
. Erickson presented an eight-stage theory of human development, the last stage of which he entitled "integrity vs. despair." A person's challenge in this stage is to achieve acceptance of the finality of life. Erickson postulated that such acceptance cou
Conscience orientation.
Humanists in the existential tradition assert that personal decisions are (personally) effective only if they are consistent with personal beliefs and principles, regardless of whether they are in agreement with those of most people or the known consequen
Having the children view movies that depict males in so-called traditionally feminine occupations (e.g., nursing)
. A counselor was hired to develop educational activities that would promote development of gender-fair (i.e., non sex-role stereotypic) attitudes among older elementary-school-age children. The counselor decided to develop the activities within the conte
Principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of
In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg's theory includes three progressive levels c
Variable ratio.
A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
Sibling rivalry.
Competitiveness between children in the same family is known as
anxiety.
The best descriptor of the emotion that results when a feeling or fear is not understood by the person experiencing it is
onset of increasingly complex delusions.
In some settings, counselors must use diagnostic classification systems as part of the overall program management plan of the service facility. The term "paranoia" is used in such systems to include a group of psychotic disorders characterized mainly by a
remove barriers to naturally occurring developmental processes
Counseling is a profession based in large part on the assumption that healthy human growth will occur naturally. Within this perspective, the role of the counselor is to help the client to
more complex personality structure,greater self differentiation,expanded time perception.
Human development authorities such as Lewin suggest that healthy psychological development moves toward all of the following
death of a spouse or family member.
Among the following, the one generally considered to be the most stressful for clients is
most reside in nursing homes or full-care facilities.
Counselors who work with older persons know that among the inappropriate stereotypes held about older persons in America is that
reciprocal interactions among human organism subsystems
A basic principle in human growth and development is that a person's individual functioning includes
physiological
Within the context of Maslow's needs hierarchy, ______________ needs supersede all others.
lacks impulse control.
Within the context of Loevinger's Impulsive Stage of ego development, the child distinguishes a separate existence from parents by exercise of will. A primary characteristic of this stage of development is that the child
has a close identification with the model.
In the context of counseling based on social learning theory, the client's imitative behaviors of a "model" person are more like to occur when the client
cognitive
Famed child development psychologist Piaget was primarily concerned with ____________ development.
diversity and uncertainty as possible but
A counselor working with a college student client who was determined to be in the Multiplicity Stage of Perry's Theory of Cognitive Development would know that the client views
Gilligan.
Some counselors follow a theory of moral development specifically applicable to females, which was developed by
adopts a pluralistic worldview.
In the Synergistic Stage of racial identity development models, the person who is a member of a minority group
the reality principle.
According to Freud, the "ego" is guided by
Social urges
As opposed to Freud's emphasis on sexual urges, Adler focused on
midlife
The stage of life in which clients often question existing their lifestyle and attempt to make changes to achieve greater happiness is known as the ___________ transition.