Sasha is a toddler. Sasha is _____.
A) 8 months old
B) 1 to 2 1/2 years old
C) 2 1/2 to 3 years old
D) 3 years old
B
Dr. Out-of-Date is an old-style behaviorist. How would he explain 1-year-old Ned's efforts to be close to his mother at all times?
A) "This child shares a unique emotional bond with his mother."
B) "Ned's behavior is being reinforced because his mother fe
B
Too much mother love during infancy produces whiny, dependent adults." This statement would MOST likely be made by a(n):
A) evolutionary psychologist.
B) old-style behaviorist.
C) Eriksonian theorist.
D) psychoanalyst.
B
Which is NOT a finding that helped Bowlby formulate attachment theory?
A) Monkeys raised without moms couldn't socially relate as adults.
B) Orphanage babies were apathetic and mentally disturbed.
C) Baby geese would follow forever "an object" that they s
D
Harlow's findings with motherless monkeys showed that physical contact (or love) is:
A) a basic human need.
B) an overrated human need.
C) less important than food.
D) important in other species, but not in our own.
A
When people are upset, they want their significant other close. According to attachment theory, this response indicates:
A) normal proximity-seeking behavior.
B) an emotional problem.
C) abnormal fear.
D) insecure attachment.
A
According to Bowlby, having a primary attachment figure is vital during:
A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) childhood and adolescence.
D) any time of life.
D
Which event is LEAST likely to evoke proximity-seeking behavior?
A) learning you have a serious disease
B) listening to your boss insult you
C) leaving for a dangerous part of the world
D) arriving at a job
D
The attachment response:
A) totally disappears after infancy.
B) is evoked at any time of life when people feel threatened.
C) is a symptom of dependency approximately after age 4.
D) is reinforced by parents.
B
In explaining the attachment response, Dr. Love might make all of the following comments EXCEPT:
A) "It's genetically built into the human species (and others)."
B) "It's programmed to appear during infancy."
C) "It helps promote survival."
D) "It disappe
D
A baby's first social smile occurs at about 2 months of age and shows _____.
A) intestinal gas
B) attachment
C) ambivalence
D) a reflexive response
D
If Mayumi is 1 month old, she MOST likely:
A) happily smiles at every adult.
B) is indifferent to the human world.
C) only goes to her primary caregiver.
D) has two or three people she really likes.
B
five-month-old Tracey is more easily soothed by her dad; she smiles and looks more at him than at others. Still, when Aunt Corrie comes for a visit, Tracey has no problem giving her a cuddle. Tracey is in the _____ phase.
A) preattachment
B) attachment-in
B
Attachment-in-the-making coincides with the onset of:
A) the primary circular reactions.
B) separation anxiety.
C) the secondary circular reactions
D) the first social smile.
C
The phase of clear-cut attachment:
A) begins at about 4 months of age and lasts through age 1.
B) starts at about 7 or 8 months of age and lasts through toddlerhood (till about age 3).
C) begins at about age 1 and lasts through age 4.
D) starts at about 1
B
Eight-month-old Nate suddenly begins to cry when he is left at the babysitter's house, whereas before he never got upset. Nate is MOST likely crying because:
A) he is being abused by the sitter.
B) he has entered the phase of clear-cut attachment.
C) he i
B
Ting and her baby travel to visit Ting's mom in another state, and Grandma picks up the child on their arrival. At younger than 7 to 8 months of age, the baby MOST likely would show _____.
A) happiness
B) fear
C) indifference
D) varying responses
A
Elaine is visiting her 13-month-old nephew, and the child gets agitated when she picks him up. Elaine should feel:
A) insulted, because her nephew doesn't love her.
B) not surprised, since this is normal at this age.
C) concerned for her nephew's mental h
B
At the park, 20-month-old Etan crawls through tunnels, throws sand everywhere, and lets a dog lick his face. But as he moves from one activity to another, he looks over his shoulder to see whether his daddy is watching. What is the name for Etan's behavio
B
People use social referencing to pace and modify their behavior:
A) only during infancy.
B) only during childhood.
C) only during adolescence.
D) at every age.
D
Juanita, age 5, goes to kindergarten happily and without any distress. The MOST likely reason is that Juanita is:
A) insecurely attached.
B) securely attached.
C) in the working-model phase of attachment.
D) in the phase of attachment-in-the making.
C
One-year-old Gyan needs to be near his main caregiver, his dad, all of the time. He gets uncomfortable when other adults pick him up. This response, in general, is:
A) normal.
B) excessive.
C) a sign of male bonding.
D) a serious problem.
A
The BEST sign that a 1-year-old is securely attached is when the child:
A) separates easily from a primary caregiver.
B) is thrilled to see a primary caregiver after a separation.
C) becomes incredibly distressed when separated from a primary caregiver.
D
B
If 1-year-old Erik doesn't seem to care when his mother leaves the room, and shows no reaction when she returns, Erik's attachment style is _____.
A) secure
B) disorganized
C) avoidant
D) anxious-ambivalent
C
One-year-old Francisco is terribly clingy even when his mom is in the same room. If she leaves, he cries frantically and cannot be comforted by her when she returns. According to attachment theory, what is Francisco's attachment status?
A) secure
B) anxio
B
Link the correct attachment style to the following descriptions: (1) thrilled when reunited with a caregiver; (2) confused, erratic response when reunited with a caregiver; (3) doesn't care when reunited with a caregiver.
A) (1) secure; (2) avoidant; (3)
B
According to attachment theory, when can the dance of attachment be seen?
A) during the first few months of life
B) at 7 months of age
C) during the phase of clear-cut attachment
D) at any time of life
D
Baby Maya and her mom are totally in tune with one another. They know when to come on strong and when to back off. This sense of connection is called _____.
A) synchrony
B) pure love
C) engrossment D) organization
A
Baby Arina's mom is depressed. According Bowlby, Arina is more likely to develop:
A) an insecure attachment.
B) a secure attachment.
C) a synchronous attachment.
D) an unpredictable attachment.
A
According to attachment theorists, which reason BEST explains what has happened when a caregiver and baby aren't attached, or "dancing well together"?
A) It's the caregiver's fault.
B) The baby has a difficult temperament.
C) Either the baby has a difficu
C
According to attachment theorists, a baby's attachment style is affected by all of the following forces EXCEPT:
A) a caregiver's sensitivity.
B) the child's temperament.
C) the caregiver's other relationships.
D) the climate of the world region where a ch
D
A baby's temperament is:
A) biological or inborn.
B) due to poor mothering.
C) due to poor feeding.
D) based on the environment.
A
These four babies have difficult temperaments. According to attachment theorists, which child is MOST likely to develop a secure attachment?
A) Martin, whose mother keeps him on a strict schedule
B) Nadia, whose child-care arrangements change frequently
C
C
Researchers find that _____ babies worldwide have secure attachment styles.
A) virtually all
B) about 2 in 3
C) about 1 in 2
D) a minority of
B
Bella is pointing up flaws in the ideas of Bowlby and Ainsworth about infant attachment. Which is NOT a statement Bella should make?
A) "Attachment security in infancy can change over time."
B) "Attachment security in infancy depends on many forces, not j
D
A mental health professional is concerned because a client and her baby don't seem to be attached, or "dancing well." Which is NOT a situation that could be true in this relationship?
A) The client is depressed.
B) This baby has a difficult temperament.
C
D
The _____ is a baby's primary attachment figure.
A) child's dad.
B) child's mom.
C) person who spends the most time with a child.
D) person who feeds the child.
C
According to attachment theory, the insecurely attached baby who is MOST at risk for
later problems is a 1-year-old who:
A) reacts in an erratic, confused way when reunited with a primary caregiver.
B) doesn't care when reunited with his or her primary ca
A
Milo has a secure attachment at age 1. As he grows older, Milo's attachment status:
A) may change if he has an environment-sensitive genetic profile.
B) will remain as securely attached, no matter what is his genetic profile.
C) may change, no matter what
A
The hormone involved in attachment is called _____. A) oxytocin
B) estrogen
C) cortisol
D) testosterone
A
Francesca and her husband have adopted a child from an eastern European orphanage. Which is NOT a suggestion based on the related research?
A) The child is at risk of having a reactive attachment disorder.
B) There should be no negative effects on develop
D
Francesca and her husband have adopted a 2-year-old child from an eastern European orphanage. According to the research, which problem is the child LEAST likely to suffer from?
A) deficits in attention
B) difficulties getting attached to any person
C) ind
D
Which is NOT a bottom-line message of the text's attachment discussion?
A) Profound attachment deprivation is more difficult to overcome.
B) Enduring attachment deprivation is more difficult to overcome.
C) Attachment security can change over time for the
D
Which is NOT a message suggested by the research tracking eastern-European orphanage infants?
A) Damage depends on the quality of the institution and the age when the baby leaves.
B) Babies never recover from this early deprivation.
C) Babies typically re
B
In the United States, the person MOST likely to live in poverty today is a(n) _____.
A) young child
B) adolescent
C) emerging adult
D) elderly person
A
If a twenty-year-old in the United States has a child, MOST likely, that parent will:
A) be economically secure.
B) struggle economically.
C) struggle economically, but only if that person is a single mother.
D) be unemployed.
B
Generalizing from the text, the WORST stage in life to live in poverty is:
A) early childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) old age.
A
As
A) Sara, age 2, whose mom is in her early twenties
B) Latisha, age 20, who is a college student
C) Hernando, age 40, who has six kids
D) Isaiah, age 65, who just retired
of 2015, who is MOST likely to be living in poverty in the United States?
A
All things being equal, which student is MOST at risk of not graduating from high school?
A) Bella, who lived in poverty during her first four years of life
B) Sam, who lived in poverty during elementary school
C) Clarissa, who has been living in poverty
A
All are true of early childhood poverty EXCEPT that it:
A) impairs the quality of the attachment dance.
B) leaves kids "behind" academically in kindergarten.
C) promotes premature disease.
D) affects a child's athletic abilities.
D
The text's MAIN message is that early childhood poverty:
A) always has a serious negative impact on development.
B) can have a serious negative impact on development, unless caregivers are upbeat,
sensitive, and loving.
C) has little impact on development
B
Compared to rural poverty, urban poverty is:
A) worse for children's development.
B) worse for children's development if parents earn under a threshold amount.
C) better for children's development.
D) better for children's development if parents earn unde
B
Dr. Caring is offering reasons why early childhood poverty has negative academic outcomes. He can make all of the following points EXCEPT:
A) poor children have less stimulating experiences at home.
B) low-income children are more apt to live in dangerous
D
In general, living in poverty:
A) has no impact on the quality of caregiving.
B) puts caregivers at risk of not responding sensitively to children.
C) means that caregivers will definitely not respond sensitively to children.
D) only matters if a person i
B
The Head Start Program provides high quality:
A) preschool to low-income children aged 3 to 5.
B) day care to low-income children aged 1 to 5.
C) preschool to any child aged 3 to 5.
D) day care to any child aged 1 to 5.
A
Who is eligible for Early Head Start?
A) low-income infants and toddlers
B) low-income preschoolers
C) any infant or toddler
D) any preschooler
A
All of these forces work against academic success for poor children EXCEPT:
A) living with more stressed-out caregivers.
B) living in dangerous neighborhoods.
C) attending family day care.
D) living in crowded, substandard housing.
C
What is the impact of attending preschool on low-income children?
A) If the program is high quality, then preschool can make an enduring difference.
B) Every preschool makes an enduring difference.
C) No preschool can make an enduring difference.
D) Most
A
The text explains that attending an excellent preschool cannot have a great impact on low-income children's later academic achievement, because poor children:
A) have parents who work long hours.
B) go to substandard elementary schools and high schools.
C
B
A teaching-oriented group setting that enrolls children age 3 and above is called:
A) day care.
B) preschool.
C) afterschool care.
D) family care.
B
Sonia asks her professor if she should send her 3-year-old to preschool. Professor Eng should answer:
A) "Go for it, as high-quality preschool gives children a cognitive boost."
B) "Go for it, but only because preschool helps with social skills."
C) "Be c
A
A young child who lives in poverty is MOST likely to be emotionally insulated by:
A) having an optimistic, loving parent.
B) having an older sibling.
C) having a large, extended family.
D) being a first-born child.
A
The most dramatic change in U.S. child care during the late twentieth century was the increase in:
A) nannies.
B) large day-care centers.
C) moms who quit their jobs to stay home with their kids.
D) neighbors caring for children.
B
All are major concerns that U.S. parents report when they send a baby to day care EXCEPT:
A) "I'm worried about the expense."
B) "I'm worried about the quality of care my child will receive."
C) "I'm worried my child won't be as attached to me."
D) "I'm w
D
Fiona returned to work when her child was 4 months old. In the United States, the person who MOST likely would be responsible for the baby's care is a _____.
A) spouse or another relative
B) day-care center
C) nanny
D) neighbor
A
A working woman in the United States has a 3-year-old child. Statistically speaking, when this person is at her job, the child is MOST likely to be:
A) with grandma.
B) at preschool or a day-care center.
C) with another relative.
D) at home with the other
B
if a dad who is a primary caregiver says that he is upset about leaving his baby and going to work, this feeling MOST often illustrates:
A) insecurity.
B) paranoia.
C) excessive dependency.
D) a normal response.
D
What is the MAIN message from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHID) study of child care?
A) Day care has a clear positive impact on development.
B) Day care has neither a positive nor a negative impact on development.
C) Lo
C
Given the research, which is the BEST advice to give a friend about choosing day care for her young baby?
A) "Send the baby to full-time day care; it will help socially and cognitively."
B) "During the infant and toddler years, it's better not to rely hea
B
Tonia is sending her baby to a day-care center. Which is the MOST important quality she should look for in the staff?
A) sensitivity, empathy, and warmth
B) early childhood education degrees
C) workers who are older than age 25
D) a majority of part-time
A
All of the following promote burnout in day-care workers EXCEPT:
A) pay that is very low.
B) low job status.
C) working at a center with a high child-caregiver ratio.
D) needing transportation to one's job.
D
Efia has decided to put her infant in family day care (versus a day-care center). Based
on the research in this chapter, how would an expert be MOST likely to respond?
A) "Good idea! Your baby may get more personal attention and more stable care."
B) "Bad
A
Yao is devising a checklist to help parents evaluate early child-care settings. Which is NOT a question that should appear on Yao's list?
A) Are there very few children per caregiver?
B) Is there little staff turnover?
C) Is the staff empathic and committ
D
To a mom is who is worried about putting her baby in day care, Dr. Athalie should give all of the following heartening bits of advice EXCEPT:
A) "There are many exceptional facilities."
B) "The care provided at home matters most."
C) "The baby will probab
D
All of the following are forces that affect how children respond to daycare EXCEPT the:
A) child's genetics.
B) quality of caregiving at the center.
C) child-caregiver ratio at the center.
D) distance of the center from the child's home.
D
When choosing infant day care, a person should look for all of these qualities EXCEPT:
A) low staff turnover.
B) plenty of babies in each room.
C) close to one-to-one care for each child.
D) caring, empathic caregivers.
B
In evaluating the quality of different day cares, which question is LEAST important to consider?
A) Are the caregivers sensitive and nurturing?
B) What is the caregiver-child ratio?
C) Is there staff stability?
D) Is the setting very close to home?
D
All are classic behaviors at age 2 EXCEPT:
A) wanting to dress and feed oneself.
B) angry outbursts and temper tantrums.
C) becoming embarrassed or ashamed for the first time.
D) not following a pointing finger or looking in the direction of someone's gaz
D
Esma believes that, with the right discipline, she can train her child to have good manners as early as age 1. Professor Abidi would MOST likely respond:
A) "No�the ability to control oneself develops gradually during childhood."
B) "Yes�if you provide th
A
Which is NOT a true statement about self-conscious emotions?
A) They normally emerge during late toddlerhood.
B) These emotions suggest that the child is becoming aware of being a "self."
C) They predict having future emotional problems.
D) These emotions
C
A toddler is becoming embarrassed for the first time. According to the text, a parent should feel:
A) pleased that the child is beginning to understand that he or she is a separate person. B) concerned that the child is becoming insecure.
C) worried about
A
Sara is teaching her 2-year-old to sit at the table and say "please." The name for this training is:
A) habituation.
B) committed compliance.
C) socialization.
D) assertive discipline.
C
Parents first (or earliest) socialization efforts revolve around:
A) teaching a child to avoid dangerous objects.
B) teaching a child to "be nice."
C) toilet training a child.
D) instilling moral values in a child.
A
Which young child is MOST likely to obey the rule "Don't touch this toy till dinner"?
A) Gretchen, an active, fearless child of age 4
B) Hai, an active fearless child of age 2
C) Irina, an anxious child of age 2
D) Harry, an anxious child of age 4
D
Parents in the United States begin to seriously teach their children to "share," be nice, and not hit at around:
A) 14 months.
B) their second birthday.
C) age 3.
D) age 4.
B
Kai asks her doctor, "When can I expect my child to begin to obey rules when I'm not in the room?" The doctor should answer:
A) "around age 1."
B) "around ages 2 to 4."
C) "around age 6."
D) "around age 10.
B
Andre confesses that he was very shy during childhood, but then says, "I got more outgoing as I got older." MOST likely, Andre:
A) probably still carries his "shy" temperamental tendency inside.
B) has totally conquered his childhood shyness.
C) is deludi
A
Two-year-old Roshni reacts with intense fear to people and clings to her mom. At about age 25, Roshni MOST likely will:
A) become more outgoing, but still be a bit anxious in unfamiliar situations.
B) outgrow her fear completely.
C) be just as shy as she
A
Shyness is:
A) caused by incompetent parenting.
B) a warning sign of child abuse.
C) an inborn tendency that can be evident throughout a person's life.
D) an inborn tendency that usually disappears over time.
C
If parents have an extremely inhibited or exuberant toddler, they can expect that with age their child will:
A) still have the same temperament, but become less "extreme."
B) completely outgrow this temperamental tendency.
C) be just as "extreme" temperam
A
A 2-year-old is a real handful. He just cannot sit still. How is this child MOST likely to react at age 4 when his preschool teacher asks the class to sit quietly during story time?
A) He or she will still have more trouble than other children obeying the
A
Juanita asks, "How can I help my shy toddler daughter become less anxious?" According to the text, the BEST advice is to:
A) insulate her from social situations until she is older.
B) gently expose her to supportive social situations.
C) immerse her in in
B
Which inhibited toddler will MOST likely develop the best coping skills?
A) Ramon, whose parents expose him to many stressful social situations to toughen
him up
B) Sadie, whose parents treat her as though she were made of glass and keep her
insulated fro
C
Claude asks, "How can I BEST socialize my incredibly active 2-year-old?" Dr. Cornet should reply:
A) "Provide very rigid rules."
B) "Provide lots of love."
C) "Tell the child that only children who behave are loved."
D) "Don't be afraid to physically puni
B
If Hernando is a very active child who has trouble obeying, he is at risk of being subjected to which childrearing strategy?
A) power assertion
B) overprotection
C) positive reinforcement
D) guilt induction
A
In addition to fostering a secure attachment, which socialization strategy promotes healthy development?
A) Make sure that the child has respect for adults.
B) Promote "goodness of fit" between the child's temperament and the environment.
C) Expose the ch
B
Which parent is using temperament-friendly childrearing?
A) Margaret, who arranges her son's life to minimize things that cause him problems
B) Nigel, who insists his daughter fit in with the family rules especially at dinner time
C) Olivia, who is teachi
A
Babies require temperament-friendly childrearing when they:
A) are genetically prone to react intensely to the environment.
B) live in impoverished urban areas.
C) live in rural areas in the United States.
D) are exposed to a variety of caregivers.
A
Tania, a toddler, gets incredibly upset in stressful situations, while Thomas, another toddler, is amazingly calm. Which child should BEST flourish in a supportive, nurturing environment?
A) Tania
B) Thomas
C) both children equally
D) No predictions are p
A
Which is NOT a message of this chapter's discussion relating to toddler temperaments?
A) Fit the environment to a child's temperamental style.
B) What looks like "a problem" in one environment can be a plus in another setting.
C) A child's basic temperame
D