the study of humans as biological organisms, considered in any evolutionary framework
Physical anthropology
the study of the skeleton
Osteology
the identification of skeletal remains of the means by which the individual died and is a contemporary application of biological anthropology applied to both historical and criminal investigation
Forensic anthropology
the study of nonhuman primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology
primatology
a subfield of biological anthropology dealing with human growth and development, adaptation to environmental extremes and human genetics
human biology
Explain evolution
different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth
Explain Nurture vs. Nature
Nurture is the idea that humans are greatly affected by the people and environment around us while nature says we are born the way we are and nothing impacts that
Explain Neo-Darwinism synthesis
merger of Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution that resulted in a unified theory of evolution like genetic variation, natural selection, and particulate (Mendelian) inheritance
Charles Darwin's book "on the origin of species" brought this important perspective to the study of natural history
introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection
Why is primatology important to understanding human evolution
Sheds light on why humans are who they are including biologically, culturally, and physically. It can assist in answering questions about human evolution and who we came from which can benefit medical profession, historical, and criminal/ forensic.
A preliminary examination of a phenomenon; the first step of the scientific method
Observation/ hypothesis
this naturalist was the first to use the concept of genus and species to designate types of animals and plants
Carl Linnaeus (taxonomy)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested an individual could develop a trait in their lifetime and transfer that trait to their offspring. This is called the theory of
inheritance of acquired traits
Darwin referred to the process that many species could emerge from one or a few ancient ones like the spokes of a wheel emerging from the hub as
adaptive radiation
In Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, as laid out in On the Origin of Species, observation 3 explains that nature is full of this:
variations
Explain the essential property of science as "self correcting
Each species is always evolving and changing in order to be more fit and survive long enough to reproduce therefore the ones with favorable traits will live to pass on those traits striving for perfection
Explain the importance of the Galapagos Islands for Darwin's understanding of adaptive radiation and natural selection.
Was Darwin's first insight into biogeography; each finch from each island had a different sized beak. Able to see evolution in the act
Explain the concept of fitness
Reproductive success and the ability to survive long enough to reproduce
Explain the 3 pre conditions that must be met for natural selection to work
1. trait must be inherited
2. trait must show variation between individuals
3. filter between the organism and its genetic makeup is the environment, which must exert some pressure
What was the relationship between mutation and natural selection
In order for natural selection to occur a mutation must occur within the organisms offspring giving them an advantage their parents don't have making them more fit and able to reproduce (Natural selection is the process that determines which characteristi
the particulate of inheritance that is passed from generation to generation is called
the gene
somatic cells are simply the cells of the body that are not _________ or sex cells.
gametes
What is the double-stranded heredity material found within the nucleus of the cell
DNA
the assembly of proteins is called _____ ______ that occurs at ribosomes and is based on information carried by messenger RNA
Protein synthesis
If you have a strand of DNA whose base pairs are CGA CGG, what is the base pair segment coded for by the Messenger RNA
GCU GCC
Explain what stem cells are and their special qualities and importance
somatic, unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division and they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special function
Briefly explain protein synthesis
Occurs in ribosomes on rough ER, mRNA brings in information from DNA in nucleus then it is translated to tRNA and codons are translated to amino acids which form polypeptides
Explain the difference between a polypeptide and a codon
A polypeptide is a group of amino acids, a codon is a group of base segments that can translate to an amino acid ex: CGG
What is the basic difference in cell division and end result between meiosis and mitosis
Mitosis forms 2 diploid daughter cells with identical DNA and happens in somatic cells & Meiosis forms 4 haploid daughter cells with half the DNA and occurs in gametes/sex cells
Why is mitochondria DNA important in the recovery of ancient DNA
There are thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA and is easy to amplify
the blood system ______ is a good example of the genotype and phenotype
ABO
If an individual has the phenotypic blood type B, what are the possible genotypes?
BB or BO
Obesity provides a complex example of the relationship between genes and the
environment
The best known x-linked disorder
hemophilia
Francis Galton was responsible for pioneering a movement called _____ that ultimately had serious and long standing negative consequences
Eugenics
What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype
A genotype are the genes that are in the DNA but the phenotype is the physical traits
What is the difference between structural genes and regulatory genes?
Structural genes are genes that contain the information to make a protein while regulatory genes guide the expression of structural genes without coding for a protein themselves
What did Mendel's experimentation on the garden pea show us about the nature of genetic transmission
Each trait is passed on individually as explained in his laws of segregation and independent assortment
Compare and contrast polygenic traits and pleiotropy
Pleiotropy is multiple phenotypes expressed for one genotype while a polygenic trait is one phenotype for one genotype
Briefly explain Mendel's law of segregation and law of independent assortment
Law of Seg: the alleles on a gene for a chromosome will segregate independently
Law of Ind. Ass.: each gene is separate of the chromosomes and are independently assorted