Symbols
Language is most accurately defined as a system of _______ that allow for communication with others. (forms of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, based on system of symbols)
Infinite Generativity page 275
Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can still combine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect to language is referred to as: ______________ _______________ (ability to produce an endless number of meaningful s
Genie,Wild Boy of Avyron raise questions about ___ of language.
determinants
Phonology pg 276
the sound system of language is refered to as ____________.; how the sounds are used, combined)
Phoneme page 276
smallest unit of sound
Morphology
_____________ refers to units of meaning involved in word formation
Pointing to a tree, young Ramal says, "bird flied away." Ramal's inaccurate use of the "ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the ___________ rules of language.
morphological
Jean Berko
Children can apply language rules to novel situations. ( figure 9.5 page 281)
Morphemes
A word ending in ing is an example of ______________.
Joe is a native English speaker. He is having a hard time learning to speak Spanish because he intuitively wants to put adjectives before nouns. Joe is having a problem with: _________
Syntax
Syntax
ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases ans sentences
Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences?
Semantics
Pragmatics
Appropriate use of language in context; can be very complex
Crying present at
birth
Cooing occurs at
2-4 months of age
Babbling begins at about
6 months
Gestures begin at
8-12 months
Infants recognize __ sounds. "citizens of the world
language
Newborns recognize sound ___.
changes
Infants recognize own language sounds at
6 months
First words receptive __ spoken vocabulary.
exceeds
Receptive vocabulary
words the child understands
Spoken vocabulary
words the child uses
Asian child learns __ earlier than child learning English.
verbs
Referential style
frequently using words that refer to objects. Describe events, people, animals, and food
Expressive style
a greater use of pronouns and socially linked words; Examples-hello, bye bye
Overextension of words
to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the words meaning. saying "dada" to every man they see
Underextension of words
to apply a word too narrowly
; when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object. a child might use the word "boy: to describe a 5yr old neighbor but not apply the word to a male infant or to a 9 year old male.
Telegraphic Speech
the use of short, precise words without grammatical markers such as articles,auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
Complex sentences at
2-3
Welfare parents talk __ to their children
less.
Maternal language and literacy skills positively related to child's vocabulary; ___ talkativeness,
NOT
Better conversationalist at
6 years old
Young children start using extended discourse
learn cultural rules, politeness, and become sensitive to adapting their speech to the setting.
Ages 4-5 can change speech style at will
more polite, formal when with adults.
Ages 6-11 how many words are known?
14,000-40,000
Betty Hart and Todd Risley pg 283
Professional parents talk to their children more than welfare parents do.
Development of mentalinguistic awareness
knowledge about language; improves considerably during elementary school years.
Yoshi is learning that there are many different ways to say "thank you" in Japanese. It depends on several things, such as the gender and social status of the recipient. This use of appropriate conversation demonstrates:
pragmatics
In adolescence most know rules for appropriate __use.
language
Vocabulary development linked to
comprehension
Whole language approach
-instruction to parallel child's natural language
-learning; reading should be whole, meaningful
Basic Skilss and phonics approach
-instruction should teach phonics and its basic rules
-reading should involve simplified materials
2-3 year olds emerge from scribbling to begin __ letters.
printing
Most 4 year olds can print their __.
names
Most 5 year olds can reproduce
letters/words
Adults should encourage __ writing.
early
Native-like accent best learned before age
12
Adults learn ___than children. attainment not as high as children's
faster
U.S students lag behind students in developed countries in learning a __ language.
second
Metaphors
implied comparison of unlike things
Satire
use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness
Dilaect
variety of language distinguished by vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation
Jargon
slang
Vocabulary often continues to throughout adult years until late adulthood.
increase
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
individuals are confident that they can remember something but just can't quite seem to retrieve it from memory.
Human language acquired
100,000 years ago
Wernicke's area
brain's LEFT hemisphere involved in language comprehension
Broca's area
brain's left FRONTAL LOBE involved in speech production
If broca's area damaged fluent ___ speech produced.
incomprehensible
Aphasia
language disorder resulting from brain damage; loss of ability to use words
Chomsky
humans biologically prewired for language
Language acquisition device (LAD)
chomsky's term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
Chomsky theoretical, not ___ part of brain.
physical
Evidence of __ in language milestones across languages and cultures.
uniformity
Behavioral View
language is reinforced chain of responses; a complex skill that is learned
Criticisms of environmental influences
-cannot explain creation of novel sentences
-children learn syntax of native language without reinforcement
Janellen Huttenlocher page 102
the size of a child's vocabulary is positively correlated with the talkativeness of his or her mother.
Patricia Kuhl pg 292
babies are universal linguists until about 6 months of age
Behavioral view no longer considered a
viable explination
Roger Brown page 292
Parents did not directly or explicitly reward or correct the syntax of most children's utterance.
Interaction view
children interested in their social worlds
Noam Chomsky pg. 291
Humans are biologically prewired to learn language.
Child directed speech
language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
Recasting
rephrasing a statement that a child has said, perhaps turning it into a question, or restating a child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence
Expanding
restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said
Labeling
identifying the names of object.
Naomi Baron page 294
provided many ideas to help parents facilitate their child's language development.
Language has strong __ foundations.
biological
Acquisition influenced by __;enriched environments have more positive effects.
experiences
Worldwide
language milestones reached about the same age
Children acquire __ language without explicit teaching;some without encouragement
native
Bruner
stresses roles of parents and teachers help construct a language acquisition support system.
What is the correct sequence in which a babies produce sounds and gestures during their first year?
Crying-cooing-babbling- gestures
An infant's first word is usually spoken, on average, at about _________ months of age
13
Is least to be the first word of a child born in the US?
a verb
A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with:
maternal language and literacy skills.
The ability to think about language is called:
metalinguistic awareness.
the following approach to reading instruction includes learning complete words or entire sentences?
Whole language approach
In the depate over whether the whole language approach or the basic -skill-and-phonetics approach is the better one for teaching children to read:
Researchers have not been able to document that either approach is better.
researchers have found that bilingual education programs:
allow children to successfully learn academic subject while slowly learning English.
The optimal time for learning a second language is: (read page 287)
can not be defined by age. where it be early to middle childhood, late childhood, or adolescence
Edward's says to his teacher, "All the world's a Stage". He is using :
a metaphor
individual's begin to understand metaphors and satire at:
adolescence
Caricatures are an example of a
satire
a language disorder resulting from brain damage that involves a loss of the ability to use words is
...aphasia
The concept of the language acquisition device is an example of how:
biological evolution influenced human language acquisition.
Chomsky's theory of language development emphasizes:
biological Mechanisms.
____________ believed/said that children are bathed in language from a very early age.
Michael Tomasello
3 criticisms of the behaviorist view of language acquisition?
1.it does not explain how people create novel sentences, 2. children learn the syntax of language, even if that are not reinforced for doing so. 3. Parents do not correct children's syntax.
Aunt Alice is speaking in normal tones until she is handed her new baby niece. Aunt Alice's voice immediately changes into a higher pitch, and she begins using baby-talk phrases like " goo-goo" and "ba-ba" . this change in aunt alice's language behavior i
child-directed speech
3 ways parents facilitate their infant's language development:
1. talk as if the infant understands what they are saying 2. be an active conversational partner 3. use a language style they are comfortable with.
Little lisa points to a ball and says"Color dat ball". Her Father responds with " what color is the ball?" this an example of
recasting
Andrew sees a cat on the lawn and says to his mother, " Kitty run" . His mother resonds, " yes, the kitty is running" . This is an example of _________>
Expanding
language
A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.
infinite generativity
The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
phonology
The sound system of a language�includes the sounds used and how they may be combined.
morphology
Units of meaning involved in word formation.
syntax
The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
semantics
The meanings of words and sentences.
pragmatics
The appropriate use of language in
different contexts.
telegraphic speech
The use of short, precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
fast mapping
A process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
metalinguistic awareness
Knowledge about language.
whole-language approach
A teaching approach built on the idea that reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
phonics approach
A teaching approach built on the idea that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
metaphor
An implied comparison between two
unlike things.
satire
The use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness.
dialect
A variety of language that is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation.
Broca's area
An area of the brain's left frontal lobe that is involved in producing words.
Wernicke's area
An area of the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension.
aphasia
A loss or impairment of language processing resulting from damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area.
language acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky's term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
child-directed speech
Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences.
recasting
Rephrasing a statement that a child has said, perhaps turning it into a question, or restating a child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence.
expanding
Restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said.
labeling
Identifying the names of objects.