While great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of developmental scientists, they
share a single goal: to identify:
A) genetic factors that contribute to longevity.
B) environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness.
C) those f
D) those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death.
Theories:
A) ensure proper use of research procedures.
B) illustrate the ultimate truth regarding human behavior.
C) are mere opinions or beliefs.
D) guide and give meaning to what we see.
D) guide and give meaning to what we see.
Theorists who emphasize qualitative changes:
A) stress the contexts that shape development.
B) regard development as largely due to nature.
C) regard development as taking place in stages.
D) stress diversity in development.
C) regard development as taking place in stages.
According to the lifespan perspective:
A) development stops at adolescence.
B) development is a lifelong process.
C) aging is marked by ongoing, steady declines.
D) little developmental change occurs during adulthood
B) development is a lifelong process.
Which of the following children is the most likely to exhibit resilience?
A) Jack, a highly intelligent athlete
B) Jaynie, a shy, emotionally reactive child
C) Ana, a child who has no strong bond with any adult
D) Ari, a temperamental artist
A) Jack, a highly intelligent athlete
__________ is considered the founder of the child study movement.
A) Charles Darwin
B) Arnold Gesell
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Benjamin Spock
C) G. Stanley Hall
Although their assessments were designed for different purposes, Hall, Gesell, and Alfred
Binet all took a __________ approach to child development.
A) nonnormative
B) genetic
C) normative
D) psychometric
C) normative
Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory:
A) on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events.
B) by conducting studies of animal behavior.
C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents.
D)
A) on the basis of his adult patients' memories of painful childhood events.
Unlike Freud, Erik Erikson:
A) primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences.
B) viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development.
C) minimized the role of culture in individual development.
D) pointed out that normal
D) pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation.
In Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the neutral stimulus was:
A) the food.
B) salivation.
C) the bell.
D) the trainer.
D) the trainer
The most influential kind of __________ theory emphasizes modeling.
A) behavior modification
B) cognitive-developmental
C) social learning
D) psychoanalytic
C) social learning
Using brain-imaging techniques, Dr. Singh, a neuroscientist, studies how genetic makeup
combines with specific experiences to influence the growth of a child's brain. This approach
to development is known as:
A) the information-processing approach.
B) beh
C) developmental cognitive neuroscience.
A time in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences is known
as a(n) __________ period.
A) adaptive
B) critical
C) sensitive
D) restricted
C) sensitive
Lev Vygotsky proposed a socially mediated process of development that centers around:
A) pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response to create a conditioned behavior.
B) imprinting on a mother-figure during the critical period.
C) survival child'
D) cooperative dialogues with adults and more expert peers.
Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that:
A) heredity and brain growth contribute significantly to social development.
B) the stages of cognitive development are universal.
C) children in every culture develop unique strengths.
C) children in every culture develop unique strengths.
Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) __________ model of
development.:
A) evolutionary
B) bioecological
C) stagewise
D) sociocultural
B) bioecological
According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in
the:
A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.
A) microsystem.
In every science, research is usually based on a __________, a prediction about behavior
drawn from a __________.
A) theory; hypothesis
B) research design; theory
C) hypothesis; theory
D) research method; hypothesis
C) hypothesis; theory
A major advantage of naturalistic observation is that it:
A) allows researchers to see directly the behavior of interest as it occurs in everyday
settings.
B) yields richly detailed narratives that offer valuable insight into the many factors that
affect
A) allows researchers to see directly the behavior of interest as it occurs in everyday
A major strength of the clinical interview is that it:
A) makes comparing individuals' responses very easy.
B) is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group.
C) can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period.
D) a
C) can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period.
Children and adolescents from immigrant families are:
A) more likely than their agemates to commit delinquent and violent acts.
B) the fastest growing sector of the U.S. youth population.
C) more likely than their agemates to have early sex.
D) more likel
B) the fastest growing sector of the U.S. youth population.
One limitation of correlational studies is:
A) age-related changes may be distorted because of participant dropout.
B) researchers cannot replicate the studies.
C) researchers randomly assign participants and manipulate their experiences.
D) investigators
D) investigators cannot infer cause and effect
1. Christine is 5'7" and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called
A) alleles.
B) phenotypes.
C) chromosomes.
D) genotypes
B) phenotypes.
2. Following mitosis,
A) each new body cell contains unique genetic information.
B) cells divide in half to form the fertilized ovum.
C) each cell loses its cytoplasm.
D) each new body cell contains the same number of chromosomes.
D) each new body cell contains the same number of chromosomes.
3. The female
A) can bear children for only about two decades.
B) is born with a bank of ova already present in her ovaries.
C) produces the cells from which ova arise continuously throughout life.
D) is born with just one ovum
B) is born with a bank of ova already present in her ovaries.
4. During their early years, children of single births often __________ than twins.
A) develop more slowly
B) are healthier
C) are smarter
D) are happier
B) are healthier
5. Somatic mutation
A) typically occurs in sex cells.
B) decreases with maternal age.
C) shows that each of us does not have a single, permanent genotype.
D) takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes.
C) shows that each of us does not have a single, permanent genotype.
6. The twenty-first pair of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis, so Aziz received three of these
chromosomes rather than the normal two. Aziz has __________ syndrome.
A) XYY
B) Klinefelter
C) Turner
D) Down
D) Down
7. Which of the following statements about in vitro fertilization is true?
A) About 10 percent of American babies are conceived through this technique.
B) It cannot be performed on women whose fallopian tubes have been damaged.
C) Doctors are required to
D) The success rate of in vitro fertilization declines steadily with age.
8. Hoda, an economically disadvantaged mother of four, is considering becoming a surrogate. Which of the
following is one realistic concern that Hoda might have about surrogate motherhood?
A) She worries that the couple may change their mind during the pr
A) She worries that the couple may change their mind during the pregnancy.
9. To inspect Jasmine's fetus for defects of the limbs and face, as well as to allow a sample of fetal blood to be
obtained, permitting diagnosis of hemophilia and sickle cell anemia, her doctor should use
A) amniocentesis.
B) chorionic villus sampling.
C
D) fetoscopy.
10. Adopted children
A) have trouble developing feelings of trust and love toward their adoptive parents.
B) tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children.
C) are more like their adoptive parents than their biological parents i
B) tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children.
11. Which of the following is an example of an indirect influence on a child's development?
A) piano lessons
B) an inspiring teacher
C) harsh discipline
D) parental conflict
D) parental conflict
12. Mr. and Mrs. Parsons feel that an important factor in promoting their children's academic success is frequent
contact between teachers and parents. The Parsons would most likely find this offering in a(n)
A) urban neighborhood.
B) large urban area.
C)
D) small town.
13. Which of the following statements about public policies for older adults in the United States is true?
A) During the 1960s, U.S. federal spending on programs for older adults was greatly expanded.
B) Social security and Medicare consume about half of
A) During the 1960s, U.S. federal spending on programs for older adults was greatly expanded.
14. Which of the following statements about behavioral genetics is true?
A) Genetic markers explain nearly all of the variation in human behavior.
B) Scientists have determined that heredity plays a larger role than the environment in human development.
C
C) A growing number of researchers regard the question of how much heredity and environment contribute
15. According to the concept of gene-environment interaction,
A) people respond similarly to the same qualities of the environment.
B) people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences.
C) people with different gene-environmen
B) people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences.
The __________ secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
A) corpus luteum
B) fallopian tubes
C) cervix
D) embryo
A) corpus luteum
The period of the zygote:
A) lasts about two weeks.
B) lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy.
C) is the longest prenatal period.
D) is the prenatal period during which the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.
A) lasts about two weeks.
Which of the following statements about a blastocyst is true?
A) It consists of a single cell.
B) By the fourth day, it is a hollow, fluid-filled ball made up of 60 to 70 cells.
C) It is a membrane that helps to keep the temperature of the prenatal world
B) By the fourth day, it is a hollow, fluid-filled ball made up of 60 to 70 cells.
The ectoderm folds over to form the:
A) neural tube.
B) lungs.
C) heart.
D) brain.
A) neural tube.
Lanugo:
A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism.
B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements.
C) helps regulate the fetus's body temperature.
D) is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.
D) is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.
Dori takes a vitamin A derivative called Accutane to treat her acne. Dori is considering becoming pregnant. Dori
should know that exposure to Accutane during the:
A) first trimester rarely has any impact on the developing organism.
B) prenatal period can
C) first trimester results in eye, ear, skull, brain, heart, and immune system abnormalities.
Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a heroin addict. Mateo's caregivers can expect that
A) he will have a low birth weight, be irritable, and have trouble sleeping.
B) he will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3.
C) he will have chara
A) he will have a low birth weight, be irritable, and have trouble sleeping.
Janelle is a first-time mother. The first stage of her labor will probably last between __________ hours.
A) 2 and 4
B) 5 and 7
C) 8 and 10
D) 12 and 14
D) 12 and 14
The third stage of labor involves
A) delivery of the placenta.
B) delivery of the baby.
C) dilation.
D) effacement of the cervix.
A) delivery of the placenta.
Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place
A) at home and was a family-centered event.
B) at home, but away from other family members.
C) in a hospital with trained midwives.
D) in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital
A) at home and was a family-centered event.
Cerebral palsy results from
A) an extra X chromosome.
B) a mutation in the twenty-first pair of chromosomes.
C) a recessive disorder involving a harmful allele.
D) brain damage before, during, or just after birth.
D) brain damage before, during, or just after birth.
Birth weight
A) varies only slightly in American infants.
B) decreases as the length of the pregnancy increases.
C) is usually highest among poverty-stricken women.
D) is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development
D) is the best available predictor of infant survival and healthy development
Which of the following statements about health care and other policies for parents and newborn babies is true?
A) Four weeks of childbirth leave predicts favorable maternal mental health, supportive marital interactions,
and sensitive caregiving.
B) The U
C) Six weeks or less of childbirth leave predicts maternal anxiety, depression, marital dissatisfaction, sense
When Jason bumps baby Grayson's baby carrier, Grayson flings his arms wide and brings them back toward his
body. Grayson's reaction is the __________ reflex.
A) rooting
B) sucking
C) Moro
D) stepping
C) Moro
Which of the following statements is supported by research on crying?
A) Fatigue is the most common cause of infant crying.
B) Newborns often cry at the sound of another crying baby.
C) Crying peaks at 12 weeks and then steadily declines.
D) Nearly all in
B) Newborns often cry at the sound of another crying baby.
The smell of __________ causes a relaxed, pleasant facial expression in newborns.
A) bananas
B) coffee
C) formula
D) anise
A) bananas