c) Piaget
Who was the Swiss psychologist who felt that infants learn according to the formula, "action = knowledge"?
a) Skinner
b) Watson
c) Piaget
d) Erikson
d)direct motor behavior.
Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through
a)sensation.
b)perception.
c)facts communicated by others.
d)direct motor behavior.
b)4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Piaget's theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of ____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are ______.
a)5; sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and maturation
b)4; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
c)3; preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
d)6; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, assimilation, and accommodation
c) schemes.
Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures called
a) assimilation.
b) accommodation.
c) schemes.
d) memory.
a) scheme.
Mark and Amanda just purchased some new toys for their 4-month-old baby. As soon as they put them in the baby's crib, the baby immediately tried to put the toys in his mouth, then picked up and shook the toys. Piaget would say that this is an example of a(n)
a) scheme.
b) assimilation.
c) operation.
d) accommodation.
b) scheme
What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development?
a) assimilation
b) scheme
c) reception
d) skill
b) assimilation
. What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?
a) scheme
b) assimilation
c) accommodation
d) operational stage
a) assimilation
Piaget thought that ________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon, perceived, and understood in accordance with existing patterns of thought.
a) assimilation
b) scheme
c) accommodation
d) learning
d) assimilation
Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next, he pointed and said, "A bird." Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of
a) scheme.
b) accommodation.
c) object permanence.
d) assimilation.
a) accommodation
Piaget used the term _______ to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
a) accommodation
b) scheme
c) preoperational
d) assimilation
b) accommodation
Five-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels, but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next, he pointed and said, "A bird with a tail." Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of
a) scheme.
b) accommodation.
c) object permanence.
d) assimilation.
d) reflexes
Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to ________ that we have when we are born.
a) inherited abilities
b) senses
c) neuron and synapse developments
d) reflexes
a) accommodation.
Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience. This is the process of
a) accommodation.
b) simple reflexes.
c) assimilation.
d) secondary circular reactions.
c) sensorimotor
What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages?
a) concrete operational
b) preoperational
c) sensorimotor
d) formal operational
a) level of physical maturation; the environment in which the child is raised
. Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between the infant's ________ and __________.
a) level of physical maturation; the environment in which the child is raised
b) level of physical maturation; the genetic predisposition of the child
c) level of cognitive development; the experiences that are provided by the child's genotype
d) level of physical maturation; cognitive development of the child
c) 1-4 months of age.
Piaget's Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of
a) 1-6 months of age.
b) 1-8 months of age.
c) 1-4 months of age.
d) 4-8 months of age.
a) secondary circular reactions.
A baby who shakes her rattle in different ways to see how the sound changes is demonstrating
a) secondary circular reactions.
b) goal-directed behavior.
c) object permanence.
d) primary circular reactions
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the sensorimotor stage.
Beth normally breastfeeds her baby; however, during the workday Beth's mother watches her baby, and the baby must be fed with a bottle. Beth has noticed that her baby's approach to being bottle fed is somewhat different than when the baby is being breastfed. Piaget would say that this is an example of
a) scheme.
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the sensorimotor stage.
c) accommodation.
d) assimilation
d) simple reflexes
In Piaget's sensorimotor period, the first substage is called
a) first habits and primary circular reactions.
b) schemes.
c) assimilation.
d) simple reflexes
d) first habits and primary circular reactions
In which of Piaget's substages of his sensorimotor stage do infants begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single, integrated activities?
a) secondary circular reactions
b) simple reflexes
c) tertiary circular reactions
d) first habits and primary circular reactions
c) circular reaction.
Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby start building cognitive schemes is a process called
a) first habits.
b) assimilation.
c) circular reaction.
d) accommodation.
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
. During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage does the child "begin to act upon the outside world," a process by which infants seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments if they happen to produce them through chance activities?
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
d) Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
. Baby Jimmy's parent places a brand new rattle in his crib. Instantly, Jimmy picks up the rattle, tries to mouth the rattle, and notices that when it shakes, it makes noise. Jimmy immediately tries shaking the rattle different ways to see how the sound changes, and he seems to enjoy this activity. Piaget would say that this is an example of
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes.
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
d) Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions
d) Primary circular reactions involve activities where the infant is focused on its own body, while secondary circular reactions involve activities where the infant's actions relate to the outside world
What is the major difference between primary circular reactions and secondary circular reactions in Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
a) An infant must first demonstrate the primary circular reactions before demonstrating the secondary circular reactions.
b) Primary circular reactions are based upon enjoyment activities, while secondary circular reactions are not.
c) Primary circular reactions bring about a desirable consequence, while secondary circular reactions do not.
d) Primary circular reactions involve activities where the infant is focused on its own body, while secondary circular reactions involve activities where the infant's actions relate to the outside world
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
Eight-month-old baby Lucy picks up a toy in her crib and accidentally hits her crib with the toy, making an interesting noise. She begins to drag the toy back and forth against the sides of the crib's railing, producing another different and interesting sound. This prompts Lucy to continue repeating the action over and over again. Piaget would say that this is an example of
a) Substage 1: Simple reflexes.
b) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
d) Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions.
a) primary circular reactions
Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body. An example of this might be an infant putting its thumb in its mouth and sucking.
a) primary circular reactions
b) circular reactions
c) secondary circular reactions
d) tertiary circular reactions
b) 8 to 12 months of age.
Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of
a) 6 to 8 months of age.
b) 8 to 12 months of age.
c) 4 to 8 months of age.
d) 5 to 8 months of age.
c) coordination of secondary circular
Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with. Piaget would say that this is an example of
a) secondary circular reactions.
b) first habits and primary circular reactions.
c) coordination of secondary circular reactions.
d) tertiary circular reactions.
d) an infant's skill in anticipating future circumstances
Which of the following demonstrates the characteristics of Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions?
a) an infant's independence from his/her parent
b) an infant's basic reflexes
c) an infant's lack of object permanence
d) an infant's skill in anticipating future circumstances
a) goal-directed behavior.
When several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem, this is called
a) goal-directed behavior.
b) tertiary circular reaction.
c) secondary circular reaction.
d) object-directed behavior.
b) object permanence
Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4 and enables the infant to realize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.
a) accommodation
b) object permanence
c) assimilation
d) goal-directed behavior
d) Substage 4: Object permanence
Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
b) Substage 1: Simple reflexes
c) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
d) Substage 4: Object permanence
d) object permanence
What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?
a) magic
b) illusion
c) imagination
d) object permanence
a)It takes several months for the concept to be fully comprehended, and Glada will make certain kinds of errors.
Glada is 7 months old. Her mother has been playing with her using age-appropriate toys. Glada has begun to engage in the concepts of object permanence. Her mother feels she should have totally grasped the concepts of object permanence and is concerned her daughter may have developmental issues. What could a developmental specialist tell Glada's mother regarding this concept?
a)It takes several months for the concept to be fully comprehended, and Glada will make certain kinds of errors.
b)Unanticipated events are treated as interesting, and also as something to be explained and understood.
c)Glada will proceed at her own pace.
d) mitation is a huge factor with this concept, and Glada's mother needs to present more attainable tasks.
a) 12-18 months of age.
Piaget's Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of
a) 12-18 months of age.
b) 8-12 months of age.
c) 6-8 months of age.
d) 12-14 months of age
b) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
What is the term for Piaget's sensorimotor stage where an infant develops schemes that include deliberate variations of actions that bring about desirable consequences?
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
b) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
c) Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions
d) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
d) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions.
Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying the position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell." This is an example of
a) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.
b) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
c) Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions.
d) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions.
a) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
At dinnertime, Baby Michael is seated in his high chair as his parents try to feed him; however, Michael repeatedly drops or throws his cup, spoon, and much of his dinner onto the floor while he watches the consequences of his actions. Which of Piaget's substages might explain Michael's behaviors?
a) Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
b) Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
c) Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions
d) Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
b) 18-24 months of age.
Piaget's Substage 6: Beginnings of thought occur for children in the age range of
a) 12-18 months of age.
b) 18-24 months of age.
c) 8-14 months of age.
d) 12-14 months of age.
d) Children exhibit the capacity for mental representation, or symbolic thought.
According to Piaget, what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6?
a) Children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen.
b) Children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate variety.
c) Children employ goal-directed behavior.
d) Children exhibit the capacity for mental representation, or symbolic thought.
a) mental representation.
Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a
a) mental representation.
b) memory.
c) scheme.
d) pretending
c) mental representation.
Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of
a) mental manipulation.
b) attention.
c) mental representation.
d) scheme.
a)information processing approach
What is the term for the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information?
a)information processing approach
b)memory model
c)automatization
d)encoding
d) the information processing approach
According to ___________, the quantitative changes in an infant's abilities to organize and manipulate information represent the hallmarks of cognitive development.
a) circular reactions
b) automatization
c) encoding
d) the information processing approach
a) quantitative; qualitative
Information processing focuses on _________ changes in infants, while Piaget's theory focuses on _________ changes in infants.
a) quantitative; qualitative
b) effective; efficient
c) qualitative; quantitative
d) surreal; real
c) language.
The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is called
a) sign language.
b) talking or speaking.
c) language.
d) communication
b) babbling.
If a baby is making speech-like, but meaningless, sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called
a) cooing.
b) babbling.
c) gurgling.
d) murmuring.
c) two-word phrases
A baby's first use of words usually comes in the form of ___________, which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.
a) phonemes
b) semantics
c) two-word phrases
d) morphemes
d) two-word phrase.
Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of a
a) semantic.
b) phoneme.
c) morpheme.
d) two-word phrase.
a) learning theory approach.
Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word "da," his father picks him up with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say "dad." The father's behavior reinforces Will's behavior, and this is an example of
a) learning theory approach.
b) universal grammar.
c) nativist approach.
d) infant-directed speech.
b) learning theory approach
What is the term for a theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning?
a) nativist approach
b) learning theory approach
c) universal grammar
d) infant-directed speech
c) Chomsky
Who is the researcher that developed the "nativist approach" and "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills?
a) Skinner
b) Bandura
c) Chomsky
d) Bayley
d) nativist approach
What is the term for the theory that a genetically-determined, innate mechanism directs language development?
a) learning theory approach
b) referential style
c) universal grammar
d) nativist approach
a) Chomsky; universal grammar
The concept that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________.
a) Chomsky; universal grammar
b) Chomsky; nativist approach
c) Skinner; learning theory approach
d) Skinner; language-acquisition theory
b) language-acquisition device (LAD)
What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?
a) nativism approach
b) language-acquisition device (LAD)
c) infant-directed speech
d) universal grammar
c) language-acquisition device
Which of Chomsky's concepts relates to how the human brain is uniquely and genetically predisposed to comprehend and produce language?
a) infant-directed speech
b) nativist approach
c) language-acquisition device
d) universal grammar
b) interactionist perspective
Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetically predetermined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?
a) universal grammar
b) interactionist perspective
c) learning theory approach
d) language-acquisition devi
d) motherese
The outdated term for infant-directed speech is
a) nativist language.
b) universal grammar.
c) expressive style.
d) motherese
a) infant-directed speech
Which of the following is a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?
a) infant-directed speech
b) universal grammar
c) nativist approach
d) language-acquisition device
d) infant-directed speech
. Rebecca wants her baby to stop playing and come across the room to her. Rebecca uses a short phrase such as "Come to Mommy" to prompt her baby. This is an example of
a) holographic speech.
b) universal grammar.
c) learning theory approach.
d) infant-directed speech
b) children learn by doing and they need the opportunity to explore and probe their environment.
Piaget indicated infants should be provided with opportunities to explore the world. To accomplish this task, Piaget would suggest that
a) children should only be presented with tasks they can easily master.
b) children learn by doing and they need the opportunity to explore and probe their environment.
c) there is a huge difference in how boys and girls will explore their environment.
d) language development is a key factor in formulating tasks for environmental exploration.
Answer: Researchers question the stage conception of Piaget's theory because they contend that development proceeds in a continuous fashion. Critics dispute Piaget's notion that cognitive development is grounded in motor activities because it overlooks th
Briefly discuss criticisms, if any, of Piaget's theories.
Answer: Although the words differ across languages, the way the words are spoken to infants is similar. Six of the ten most frequent major characteristics of speech directed at infants used by native speakers of English and Spanish are common to both lang
. Briefly explain the differences in infant-directed speech in various cultures.
T
Piaget's views of the ways infants learn could be summarized in a simple equation: action = knowledge.
F
In Piaget's view, a 4-month-old baby that consistently tries to put toys in its mouth, and bangs and throws objects around, is categorized as a difficult baby.
T
Piaget thought that there is a period of transition in which some behavior reflects one stage, while other behavior reflects a more advanced stage.
F
In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, all infants reach a particular substage at the exact same time.
F
There are no disputes or disagreements with Piaget's theories.
a) stage
Piaget's theory of cognitive development is based on a _______________ approach, in which development proceeds in a fixed order from birth.
a) stage
b) content
c) quality
d) schematic
c) assimilation
According to Piaget, ___________ is the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.
a) accommodation
b) tolerance
c) assimilation
d) self-awareness
b) sensorimotor
The first stage of development, according to Piaget, is the _______________ stage.
a) reflex
b) sensorimotor
c) primary
d) circular
a) non-Western
Cognitive skills among children in _______________ cultures appear to emerge on a different timetable from children living in the United States and Europe.
a) non-Western
b) South American
c) Asian
d) Australian
d) Object permanence
____________ is the realization that people and things exist even when they cannot be seen.
a) Deferred limitation
b) Mental representation
c) Circular reaction
d) Object permanence
a) non-Western
Cognitive skills among children in _______________ cultures appear to emerge on a different timetable from children living in the United States and Europe.
a) non-Western
b) South American
c) Asian
d) Australian
b) production
Language comprehension precedes language _____________.
a) articulation
b) production
c) vocabulary
d) interpretation
c) Prelinguistic
sounds around the age of two or three months.
a) Phonological
b) Semantic
c) Prelinguistic
d) Syntactic
d) gestural
Vocal utterances like "Now Ethan bus" and "Mommy drink" are examples of ____________ speech.
a) prelinguistic
b) telegraphic
c) grammatical
d) gestural
a) interactionist
The ______________ perspective contends that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language.
a) interactionist
b) nativist
c) universal
d) learning theory
a) Child-centered
_________________ speech is the style of speech directed toward infants that is characterized by short, simple sentences.
a) Child-centered
b) Parent-generated
c) Infant-directed
d) Adult-modified
b) sensorimotor
Which of Piaget's stages is focused on cognitive development in infants?
a) preoperational
b) sensorimotor
c) formal operational
d) concrete operational
d) at 18 months of age
According to Piaget's sensorimotor substages, when are infants capable of representational thought?
a) at 8 months of age
b) at 10 months of age
c) at 12 months of age
d) at 18 months of age
d) object permanence
Five-year-old Brent loves to trick his baby sister Zoe by showing her a toy, then hiding it under a box. She thinks that it has ceased to exist, and he laughs. But one day Zoe knocks over the box and grabs the toy. Game over, Brent! Zoe has discovered __________.
a) deferred imitation
b) goal-directed behavior
c) representational thought
d) object permanence