Professions in Sport Management
Event management
Financial management
Human resource management
Risk management
Marketing management
Public relations management
Program management
Scheduling
Facility and equipment maintenance
What Career Will you Pursue?
The purpose of this chapter is to help you explore your options, help you make decisions about what profession might suit you best, and help you to take steps to prepare you to become a physical activity professional.
Note: Your profession may change seve
Physical Activity Professions
Health and fitness (chapter 13)
Therapeutic exercise (chapter 14)
Teaching physical education (chapter 15)
Coaching and sport instruction (chapter 16)
Sport management (chapter 17)
Characteristics of Professionals
Master complex skills (grounded and guided by systematic theory and research)
Perform services for others (clients or patients)
Are granted a monopoly by the community to supply certain services
Are guided by ethical codes (formal and informal; preserve h
Professionals Have Mastered Complex Skills Grounded in Theory
Professionals
draw on a complex body of knowledge and theory that is developed through systematic research;
are gifted thinkers and are also gifted doers (practitioners), able to bring about predetermined outcomes efficiently and effectively, usually on b
What Do Professionals Do?
Professionals perform services for clients or patients.
Services are based on a commitment to others (often sacrificing one's own needs for those of clients).
Services rendered are expert (require varying degrees of autonomy).
Services are based on client
A Job or a Profession
Expectations
Of you
By you
"The clock"
Your salary or hourly payHow Are Physical Activity Professionals Educated for the Workplace?
Academic areas
Liberal arts and sciences
Course work in physical activity knowledge
Course work in theoretical kinesiology
Internships
A culminating educational and evaluative experience for preprofessionals that
teaches you how to apply the knowledge and skills that you have learned in your professional program to a real-life situation, and
tests your level of preparedness to enter prof
Are You Suited for a Career in the Physical Activity Professions?
Do my attitudes, values, and goals match those of professionals?
Am I interested�really interested�in physical activity?
Do my attitudes, interests, and talents lend themselves to a specific physical activity profession?
Will my college or university prog
Are You Suited for a Career in the Physical Activity Professions? (continued)
How committed am I to preparing to be the best professional possible?
Excellence in academic work
Early identification with the professional field
Engagement in college or university life
Participation in volunteer services
Attending graduate school
Professions in Health and Fitness
Group exercise instructor
Fitness instructor
Health and fitness counselor
Personal trainer
Health and fitness director
Specialist positions
Certified health educator
Clinical exercise physiologist
Registered dietitian
Others
Goal of Health and Fitness Professions
To improve a person's physical functioning and physical health
Employee Health and Fitness Programs
Employers have found that health and fitness programs reduce health care costs, increase productivity and morale, decrease absenteeism, and improve their corporate image.
Health Care Costs
Bungum and colleagues (2003) found that those who had healthier body weights, calculated by body mass index (BMI), reported fewer absent work days and decreased health care costs.
Health and Fitness Settings
Commercial settings
Sales-based facilities
Retention-based facilities
For-profit businesses compete for customers, which encourages innovative programming.
Clinical settings
Work in partnership with both medically based professionals and clients with diag
Nontraditional Health and Fitness Settings
Cruise lines
Club teams
Professional teams
Other
Group Exercise Instructor
Leads aerobic exercise classes, outdoor activities, aquatic fitness classes, exercise classes for specific populations (older adults, pregnant women, children)
Degree in kinesiology or another health- and fitness-related discipline recommended
Current exe
Fitness Instructor
Works with apparently healthy adults
Conducts fitness assessments, designs individualized exercise programs
Bachelor's degree in kinesiology or another health- and fitness-related discipline recommended
Youth programs are growing; they cater to the unique
Health and Fitness Counselor
Replaces position of fitness instructor
Prescribes exercise programs
Works with clients on behavior change, stress management, relaxation, time management, smoking cessation, weight management
Health and Fitness Counselor (continued)
Minimum of bachelor's degree in kinesiology or another health- and fitness-related discipline
ACSM health/fitness instructor
ACE lifestyle and weight management consultant
Leads clients to make appropriate decisions
Needs to be organized, understand the p
Personal Trainer
Weight management, stress management, physical fitness, sport conditioning
Current trend: specializing in working with special populations
Works independently or is employed at a facility
Business savvy
"Counselor"
Aesthetic or performance objectives
Bach
Specialist Positions
Sport coach, athletic trainer, health educator, clinical exercise physiologist, physical therapist, registered dietitian (some, such as the strength coach, are covered in chapter 14)
Graduate-level studies; bachelor's degree in kinesiology or another heal
Health and Fitness Director
Manages facility's services and programs
May supervise team of managers
Hires, trains, and provides support for staff
Does business planning, establishes budgets and renovations, selects equipment, designs and markets programs, forecasts trends
Bachelor's
Marketplace Trends and Opportunities
Multidimensional model of wellness
Health care reform
Demographics
Multidimensional Model of Wellness
Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Social
Spiritual
Health and fitness professionals are increasingly being called on to integrate exercise and physical fitness into a broader definition of health.
Figure 13.4
Health Care Reform
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
New model
All subscribers pay fee; provider must take care of needs of all subscribers within budget
Preventive services
Figure 13.5
Physical Activity and Health Care Costs
Physical activity is being viewed increasingly as an integral component of the nation's health care delivery system.
Demographics
Aging of American society
Increasingly diverse nation
Health care costs
Medicare costs
Implications for health and fitness professionals
Certification and Continuing Education
Minimum criteria must be met to be hired and maintain your position in the health and fitness professions.
Several certification organizations can assist with this process:
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
National Strength and Conditioning Asso
Advice for Health and Fitness Students
Earn a combined degree in kinesiology plus another discipline (health, psychology).
Seek practical experience through practicum opportunities and internships.
Attend workshops and obtain certifications through NSCA, ACSM, ACE, CI.
Stay current: Read healt
Health and Fitness
The world of health and fitness is ever changing, making this profession dynamic and exciting. Pay attention to the trends and tailor your degree to meet your individual career goals.
Therapeutic Exercise Defined
Systematic and scientific of exercise and movement to RESTORE:
muscular strength
endurance
flexibility
neuromuscular coordination
cardiovascular efficiency
other health and performance factors
Goals of Therapeutic Exercise Professionals
To help people restore
lost function
acquire skills
Types of Therapeutic Exercise
Rehabilitative therapeutic exercise: Processes and treatments that restore skills or functions that were previously acquired but have been lost because of injury, disease, or behavioral traits
Habilitative therapeutic exercise: Processes and treatments le
Therapeutic Exercise Focus
Both rehabilitative and habilitative therapeutic exercise focus on developing the body's systems so people are less likely to become injured or diseased.
Rehabilitative Therapeutic Exercise
Exercise therapy for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries
Exercise therapy for rehabilitation of athletic injuries
Exercise therapy for rehabilitation of postsurgical trauma
Exercise therapy in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
Exercise therapy for
Habilitative Therapeutic Exercise
Exercise therapy for specialized habilitation
Exercise therapy for habilitation of obese populations
Exercise therapy for habilitation of children with developmental disorders
Exercise therapy for habilitation of general fitness
Sedentary Lifestyles
Societal changes have negatively affected the health of a significant portion of the population. The information age has created a relatively sedentary group of people. Therapeutic exercise�even in the form of casual recreation�can offer a more balanced l
Overviews of Professions in Therapeutic Exercise
Credentials for each profession vary and also change regularly, so be sure to monitor any changes taking place in your profession to ensure that you are meeting the required standards for employment for education, licensure, and so on.
A brief overview of
Athletic Trainer
Responsible for the prevention, evaluation, management, treatment, and rehabilitation of athletic injuries
Accredited athletic training program
Clinical rotations
Education and credentials
Certification through the Board of Certification for Athletic Trai
Sample Course Work for Athletic Training
Acute care
Administration
Assessment and evaluation of injuries and illnesses
Biomechanics*
Chemistry
Counseling
Exercise physiology
Gross anatomy
Human anatomy
Human physiology
Injury prevention
Nutrition
Pathology
Pharmacology
Physics
Statistics
Therape
Clinical Exercise Physiologist
Cardiac, pulmonary, and metabolic disease care
Exercise testing
Exercise prescription
Program administration
Employment settings
Education and credentials
Recommended undergraduate and graduate degree
Specialized courses and certifications (ACSM)
Exercise
Sample Course Work for Cardiac Rehabilitation Specialist or Clinical Exercise Physiologist
Advanced cardiac life support
Cardiopulmonary assessment
Cardiopulmonary disease
Cardiopulmonary physiology
Cardiopulmonary technology
Clinical biomechanics*
Echocardiography
Electrocardiography
Exercise physiology
Exercise prescription
Imaging devices
Nu
Occupational Therapist
Helps injured or ill individuals reach their maximum level of independence by emphasizing the acquisition and retention of functional skills
Employment settings
Education and credentials
National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc.
State
Sample Course Work for Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapist
Abnormal psychology
Assistive technology
Biology
Biomechanics*
Gross anatomy
Human anatomy
Human performance abilities
Human physiology
Neuroanatomy
Occupational analysis
Physical dysfunction
Psychology
Statistics
Occupational Thera
Physical Therapist
Provides rehabilitative care to a diverse patient population with a wide range of injuries, illnesses, and diseases
Education and credentials
Educated as a generalist, tends to specialize in practice (seven specialty areas)
Physical therapist (plans, dire
Physical Therapist's Role
A physical therapist administers patients' programs and performs the required functional evaluations. A physical therapist's assistant assumes much of the hands-on patient care, functioning under the physical therapist's supervision.
Sample Course Work for Physical Therapy
Pre-Physical Therapy
Biology
Chemistry
Exercise physiology
Physics
Human anatomy
Human physiology
Psychology/developmental psychology
Physical Therapist (Entry-Level Clinical Doctorate Degree)
Biomechanics*
Cardiopulmonary evaluation and treatment
Clinica
Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
Treats patients with physical disability or impaired mental function: restores, remediates, or rehabilitates to improve function and independence; also focuses on social integration (treatment team approach)
Education and credentials
Bachelor's degree in
Sample Course Work for Therapeutic Recreation
Introduction to therapeutic recreation
Assessment and documentation in therapeutic recreation
Therapeutic recreation interventions and techniques
Leisure education
Program planning and design in therapeutic recreation
Professional trends and issues in the
Careers in Therapeutic Exercise
Fulfill a societal need
Assist in attaining desired levels of fitness (habilitation)
Assist in regaining lost function (rehabilitation)
Cover a wide range of populations
Newborns to geriatrics
Athletes to unskilled
Strength and Conditioning Specialist
Maximizes physical performance, reduces the frequency of injury, and decreases the possibility of cardiovascular disease by designing programs for the specific needs of the individual (sport and activity specific)
Education and credentials
Bachelor's degr
Why Study Pedagogy
of Physical Activity
Pedagogy of physical activity:
Teaching physical activity
� Understanding
� Communication
Importance of Pedagogical
Knowledge
� students' attention?
� Methods
- Lecture / practice
� Will your methods work?
� Class structure
� Motivation
- How
What Does a Physical Activity
Pedagogue Do?
Physical educators in public schools
� Swim instructors, recreation leaders
� Instructors at corporate fitness centers or
community recreation centers
� Specialists (golf or tennis pros)
� Professors
Key Pedagogical Principles Based on
Research
1. Develop expertise
Experience and knowledge
2. practice.
3. academic learning time.
4. class management and discipline.
5. Hold learners accountable.
6. Provide clear, specific feedback.
7. Develop knowledge about alternative curricular models.
8. equit
Teaching Expertise
Continue to learn about teaching by reading and by attending professional conferences.
Teaching experience alone does not guarantee expertise (burnout and boredom are potential risks).
Appropriate Practice Experiences for Students
For students to succeed at any skill, they must be exposed to appropriate practice. (The principle of quality and the principle of quantity are discussed in chapter 3.)
Active Learning Time
Time on task, also called engaged time, is defined as the time students spend actually doing physical activity or sport.
Students should spend at least 50% of the time appropriately engaged (performing correctly with frequent success); this is called acad
Effective Class Management and Discipline
Class management involves organizing students in such a way that learning is most likely to occur, whereas discipline involves teaching rules, enforcing them when they are broken, and rewarding exceptional behavior.
Instructors can best assist students as
Accountability
Students manipulate the learning environment when they engage in off-task behaviors or become competent bystanders (well-behaved students who consistently avoid participation without attracting notice).
Educators that ignore off-task behavior encourage fu
Specific Feedback
Common instructor mistakes when providing feedback:
Feedback is often incorrect.
Teachers sometimes focus on an aspect of performance that does not require feedback while neglecting an area that does require feedback.
Teachers provide less feedback during
Alternative Curriculums
The elective curriculum
The fitness curriculum
The sport education model
The wilderness and adventure education curriculum
The social development model
The teaching games for understanding model
Effective teachers are concerned with implementing curricula
Equity Issues and Student Needs
Common forms of discrimination:
Having a bias against students with less ability (e.g., using elimination games)
Singling out obese and out-of-shape students in negative ways
Allowing other students to ridicule or embarrass low-skilled or obese students
N
Expectations for Students
Self-fulfilling prophecy, or the Pygmalion effect
Context is equally likely to create impressions about performance.
Learned helplessness may manifest as exerting little effort, becoming abusive, blaming others, or quickly conceding failure.
Teachers must
Knowledge and Research
Although professional practice knowledge is a powerful source of information, such knowledge is not a substitute for thoughtful consideration of the available research literature on effective teaching.
The Journal of Teaching in Physical Education is a go
Teaching Settings
The enjoyment of the instructor is influenced by many factors, including their work environment (i.e., teaching setting).
The environment in which teachers work can facilitate their success.
Gymnasiums that are cheerful and well equipped also send a messa
Workplace Conditions
Characteristics of positive work environments
Characteristics of negative work environments
Overcoming a negative environment
Workplace conditions have the potential to facilitate or constrain the physical activity instructor.
Current State of Secondary
Physical Education
Teachers and students have similar views of the purpose of physical education: exposure to lifetime activities.
Fitness activities have little relationship to development of health- or skill-related fitness.
Teachers spend too much time on class managemen
Becoming an Outstanding Physical Education Teacher
Develop teaching expertise.
Design appropriate practice experiences for students.
Provide active learning time.
Manage and discipline classes effectively.
Hold students accountable.
Supply students with specific feedback.
Consider incorporating alternativ
Effective Teachers
Approachable
Challenging
Competent
Contagious
Courteous
Caring and loving
Energetic
Engaging
Entertaining
Enthusiastic
Exciting
Experienced
Fun and goofy
Informative
Inspiring
Knowledgeable
Meaningful
Motivating
Passionate
Personable
Positive
Relevant
Career Options
Physical education teacher in the schools
Teacher in higher education settings
Adapted physical education teacher
Coach (public schools or higher education)
Advice for Future Teachers
Never stop learning to teach.
Join professional associations (student membership).
Read research literature.
Make a Commitment to
Sport Pedagogy
Remain committed to
student learning,
effective teaching practices,
ongoing development of subject matter expertise,
professional involvement, and
believing you can make a difference in the lives of children.
Goal of Coaching Professions
To help participants in activity settings develop and maintain a modest to high level of motor skill performance and fitness.
This goal is reached through well-designed practice and conditioning sessions that involve explanation, instruction, and verbal a
Comparing Sport Instruction and Coaching Duties
Instructors tend to spend relatively more of their time with on-task duties: disseminating knowledge and molding student behaviors.
Coaches spend more time on the off-task duties: recruiting, scouting, reviewing films, scheduling, budgeting, fund-raising.
Sport Coaching and Instruction
The acts of sport coaching and sport instruction are more similar than distinct, but the professions of sport coaching and sport instruction are more distinct than similar.
Coaching and Sport Instruction Settings
Community settings
Institutional settings
schools
Commercial sport settings
For-hire by elite athletes
K-12 Teachers
Instruction in motor skills, sport strategies, fitness, healthy lifestyles
Bachelor's degree or higher plus state teaching licensure
Many secondary responsibilities
Grading, workshops, parent meetings, equipment purchase and maintenance
May also coach in
Up-Close Views of Coaching and
Sport Instruction
Community physical activity program instructors
Community youth sport development leaders
Adult and older adult sport leaders
Education and certification of community youth sport instructors
Professional sport instructors
Certification and education of pr
Up-Close Views of Coaching and
Sport Instruction (continued)
Certification and continuing education of coaches
Certification of youth sport coaches
Education and certification of middle and high school coaches
Ethics and coaching
Sport psychologists
Nontraditional Settings
community organizations and nonprofit agencies are in need of physical activity teachers to provide good instruction.
Professional Sport Coaches
Many nonteaching and noncoaching duties: administration, recruitment, media appearances
Employment retention depends on producing a winning team
No national or state requirements�established name
Sport Psychologists
Trained practitioners
Clinical
Educational
Teach athletes mental imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, concentration for purpose of performance enhancement
No national certification requirements
AAASP-certified consulting program
Coaches may opt t
Success
Successful teaching and coaching require skills beyond scientific knowledge. Most successful teachers and coaches have people skills that enable them to develop a rapport with, and create a sense of community among, participants.
Advice for Coaching and Sport Instruction Students
Are you really suited?
Lay out a plan:
Identify opportunities to take coaching courses.
Seek coaching experience.
Be a voracious reader of materials related to the sport.
Build a network of active coaches (begin NOW).
Work on perceived weaknesses.
Goal of Sport Management Professions
To provide support services, facilities, and other amenities to make physical activity experiences�performance as well as spectatorship�as enjoyable as possible
Figure 17.1
The World of Sport Management
Sport managers are more involved in the activities and job responsibilities surrounding the actual event than they are in the sport or activity itself.
Growth in the Sport Industry
The sport industry has grown significantly in both variety and complexity since the 1800s.
Growth related to
technological developments,
greater discretionary monies and time,
flexible work assignments,
changing demographics and psychographics, evolving c
Sport Management Settings
Sport entertainment
Sport participation
For-profit participation segment
Nonprofit participation segment
Support services
Sporting goods
Sport services (such as insurance, licensing, travel)
Marketing Management
Research and development
Sport promotion
Sponsorship
Advertising
Merchandising
Distribution
Education
The North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) competency standards
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree
Doctoral degree
The Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA)
Internships and field experience are critical
Advice to Sport
Management Students
The field of sport management is hyper-competitive, so it is critical to
gain as much practical experience as possible (internships are key),
seek a mentor, and
build a professional network.
The field of sport management is diverse, so be sure to account