Early approaches to the study of the child development included all of the following except:
Physical evidence of brain function
What are the domains of development discussed in the text?
Physical, Cognitive, and psychosocial
What of the following is true about child development?
All of these are true
Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge or _________ that is important at a particular time.
Crises
Characteristics that result of inborn influences are generally attributed to
Heredity
Freud's psychosocial theory and Erkison's psychosocial theory
Psychoanalytic
Influence development
All of the above
Social Interaction is central to cognitive development
Vigogysky
Not an emerging consensus among child development
The domains exist independent of each other and there is no relationship among them
A hungry sponge that soaks up information over time
Reactive
Piaget's cognitive state theory fits under
cognitive
Which of the following statements would developmental scientist NOT agree with?
Infants depend entirely on their parents to mold their environment
Major theoretical issues
Both A and B
Stage Theories
Organismic
Youngest to Oldest
Prenatal, Infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle, adolescent
A common female cause of infertility is
blockage of the fallopian tube
The most common cause of infertility in men is
low sperm production
The science of genetics focuses on the
inherited factors that affect development
How pairs of chromosomes does a typically developing human being have?
23
XX
Girl
XY
Boy
During the 1860s, Gregor Mendel conducted experiments that laid the foundation for understanding
Patterns of inheritance
According to Mendels findings
Hereditary traits are transmitted separately
Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is FALSE?
There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities
Although Robertos adoptive parents are short in stature, he is growing to be tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Robertos height?
It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors
Scientists generally accept that
heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development
despite many variations in environmental conditions and rearing practices, most children learn to walk at about the same time and in the same sequence. We would say that walking is a _____ trait.
Canalized
Although brothers Jono and Roman beard striking physical resemblance to each other, the differ greatly in intelligence and personality. One reason for this difference may be
Nonshared environmental effects
Which of the following statements about environmental influences is FALSE?
Children growing up in the same family, experience the same environment
Which of the following describes a non shared environmental effect for siblings
communication with parents
Research on personality has revealed that
temperament is relatively consistent but may respond to certain situations
An illuminating study performed by Harry Harlow examined attachment behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Harlow raised some monkeys with cloth "mothers" and other with wire "mothers". He found that
Monkeys preferred cloth mothers
Which of the following statements about the prognosis for low birth weight babies is correct?
some low birth weight babies are at a risk for learning disabilities
Who is most likely to have a low birth rate baby?
Dana, who is 37, underweight, smokes, and has five previous pregnancies
Which of the following statements about the first few days of life is FALSE
Newborns initially have very little variance in their complexions
During childbirth, dilation of the cervix occurs
during the first stage
Women who have given birth during the past 50 years have benefitted from a dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. This is due to
All of the above/below
If breathing has not begun within 5 minutes after birth, the baby is at risk of developing
brain damage
Periodic variations in an infants cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity are known as the various_______ of infancy?
States of arousal
Dan and Diane are exhausted because 4 week old Jake wakes three to four times each night. What is the most probable explanation for jakes behavior?
His sleep pattern is typical of newborn babies
Which of the following is most beneficial for low birth weight babies
being touched and massaged frequently
An unborn baby is often vulnerable to prenatal environment influences before women even realizes that she is pregnant. This vulnerability occurs during the _______ stage?
Embryonic
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
teratogens
In a healthy pregnancy, how many extra calories should a woman consume each day
300-500
Suppose you're a healthcare worker who is examining a child with the following symptoms facial and bodily mail formations such as small and wide set eyes, short attention span, hyperactivity, and mother impairment. Which drug would you suspect the child's
Alcohol
Christie's baby is in the third and final stage of gestation. The major characteristics of this fetal stage of development is the
Growth and refinement of the organism structure
The most mature sensory system for the first few months of life is the sense of
Touch
Breastmilk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first blank months
12 months
Breast-fed babies are
Less likely to become obese
Lucy can control or shoulder muscles well enough to move her arm in the general direction of a toy, she has trouble using her hands to grasp it. When she is older, she'll be able to control her hands and grasp the toy. This sequence illustrates the blank
Proximodistal
Which of the following is a primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain
Language in logical thinking
Which of the following reflexes tend to remain throughout one's lifetime
Blinking
According to piaget, reaching depends on the use of the eyes to guide the amendment of hands which is referred to as
Visual guidance
Which of the following principles does motor development in infancy follow
All of the above
The visual cliff is a device for testing infant
Depth perception
A study of infants hearing suggest that infants identify new speech sounds from those they have heard before
As early as three days after birth
Which of the following is recommended by doctors to reduce occurrence of SIDS
To avoid letting babies sleep on their stomach
Eric is celebrating his first birthday. Since birth, Erics weights likely
Tripled
Newborns have an innate preference for blank taste
Sweet
If a normal, healthy infant dies in his sleep, he most likely suffered from
sudden infant death syndrome
The modern intelligence test originated with blank and was used to identify children who cannot handle Academic work and needed special instruction
Alfred Binet
the blank approach to cognitive development attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively
The psychometric
Dr. Mach, the college professor is explaining to students why it is difficult to assess the intelligence of infants. Which key reason should be included in his lecture?
If infants failed to give the expected response the reasons for the failed response maybe unclear
Two year old Monica was playing with a balloon when it popped in her face and frightened her. Now when she sees a balloon, she starts to cry. This type of learning is called?
Classical conditioning
Learning Is a result of
All of these
The piagetian approach focuses on
Qualitative changes in cognition
Blank is a systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs
Early intervention
in piagets theory a blank is a simple behavior that is repeated often
circular reaction
The substation of sensorimotor development in which the child uses trial and error to find which one of his or her physical skills works the best for a particular task is called
tertiary circular reactions
According to research by Melzoff and Moore, children to become capable of deferred imitation
At a much younger age than piaget suggested
Research on object permanence suggests that
Developed gradually during the sensor motor Stage
Virginia hasn't noticed that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall. A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is evidence of
Habituation
A baby who experiences 100 presentations of high pitched tone no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response. When a new low pitched tone is presented, the baby stops sucking caused by the new tone is called
dishabitutation
At approximately what age are babies first able to distinguish different speech sounds
from birth
the research method that is based on an infants tendency to look longer at surprising phenomena rather than at familiar phenomena is known as
violation of expectations
Connor a 3 week old infant is crying. hi cry began suddenly, is very loud, and was not preceded by moaning. According to Wolff, Conner is exhibiting a
cry of pain
Emotions are blank reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes
subjective
Marcus started crying because his friend timothy was crying. This is a sign that he is developing empathy. Empathy depends on
Social cognition
Which of the following emotions is not yet present in an 8 month old infant
shame
Lucy is a quiet infant who is mild in her responses, both positive and negative. She shows the distinct dislike for new situations, but eventually adjusts and enjoys new things. Thomas and chess would classify Lucy as a blank child
slow to warm up
Infant cognitive understanding that they are functioning beings separate from the rest of their world is referred to as
Self awareness
Roberto and his mother are at the house of a cousin whom They rarely visit. Roberto stays with his mother when they first arrived but then begins to explore his new surroundings and discovers a playroom. Even though he appears to be comfortable, he still
Secure attachment
Baby ellen is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, in laughs And cries loudly. Ellens temperament can be classified as
Difficult
Marina is a three-year-old who is securely attached to her parents. Which of the following characteristics would she likely exhibit?
Self-confidence
Ericksons first psychosocial Challenge is
Basic trust versus basic mistrust
The Parkers have an eight month old infant, Tara, who cries when she first meet her mother's cousin Tara is exhibiting
Stranger anxiety
James is playing with his toys when a stranger comes into the house. He feels uneasy about the stranger until he notices his mother is smiling. James then offers the stranger one of his toys. James is exhibiting
Social referencing
According to Erikson, which conflict occurs during toddlerhood?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Nancy, age 16 months, is about to touch an electric outlet, but then says, no! And pulled her finger back. Nancy is demonstrating
Beginnings of self regulation
Two-year-old Cameron rejects his parents offers of assistance and shows high levels of negativism. According to Erikson's theory, Cameron is
Expressing the need for autonomy