CNS 645 - Developmental Issues in Counseling (Final Exam Questions)

Life maturation processes and ________ shape the individual's life at any stage of human development

Culture

_____________ believe the skill of ____________ requires role-taking important for both moral and psychological growth between the counselor and the client

Kholberg, Listening

Baltes & Smith (2003) examine three influences on human development, including normative age-graded , normative history-graded and ______________________________.

Nonnormative or highly individualized life events

Which of the following is not a required or expected responsibility of counseling professionals in helping their clients through the therapeutic relationship

Problem-solving for clients

Understanding the processes of human development in clients includes gaining a clear concept of which of the following

How individuals cope with and make sense of their environment

_______________ provides a framework for the study of human development that furthers scientific vision and stimulates the application of science for public policy and social programs

Theories

_____ presented a model that emphasized the challenges and tasks presented across one's lifespan as key to understanding human development

Erikson

____________ emphazided the importance of observational learning, but ____________ suggested that behavior is the result of consequences experienced

Bandura, Skinner

____________'s theory of ____________ development describes how humans gather and organize information and how the process changes developmentally

Piaget, Cognitive

The belief that human development is the result of interactions between people and their social environment most closely coincides with ____________' s theory of development, indicating that development is inseparable from social and cultural life.

Vygotsky

Which part of the brain controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone?

Cerebellum

Which of the following is the leading cause of mental retardation in babies?

Alcohol consumption by the expectant mother

The __________ is one of the first visible structures in the developing fetus, and at birth it is developing neural paths for thriving babies?

Spinal Cord

The __________ reflex occurs in response to a loud noise or when a person nearby makes a sudden movement.

Moro

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to observe and understand emotional cues of others and then use those cues to guide one's behavior?

Social Referencing

Which of the following has not been found to be an effective sleep management technique?

Unmodified extinction

By ________ months, a child can mold play dough, put round and square pegs into holes, and turn rotating handles.

24 months

By what age do children begin to develop memories?

3 years

A caregiver's failure to provide necessary medical or mental health treatment for the child is an example of ________.

Neglect

Children who become quiet, cry, or hide behind a parent when a new person approaches may be experiencing _______________.

Stranger Anxiety

According to Piaget, preschoolers are in the _________ stage of cognitive development.

Pre-operational

_____________'s concept of the zone of proximal development emphasized that people in the child's life influence the child's cognitive abilities.

Vygotsky

According to ________________, preschoolers are in a stage referred to as ______________, when children tend to think of actions as either always being right or always being wrong.

Piaget, Morality of Constraint

Which of the following is not a sign of a great preschool, according to NAEYC

Worksheets are used frequently to practice letters and numbers

Which of the following is not one of Parten's categories of social play?

Dramatic Play

Many of the changes occurring during middle childhood develop within the ______________, which is the brain center responsible for attention, working memory, behavioral monitoring, self-regulation, reasoning, information processing, goal-setting, and inhi

Prefrontal Cortex

_____________ equips children with the skills needed to practice self-monitoring or self-instruction.

Metacognition

Middle school children typically develop friendships with children who share similar interests and ____________________.

Enjoy playing together

____________ Parents are highly demanding and use a high level of control in handling their children. They usually show little affection toward their children and have closed communication between on another.

Authoritarian

The male's adolescent growth spurt does not typically occur until the age of _________________.

14

Which of the following is more likely to occur in adolescents as a result of experiencing early puberty?

Developing dependence on alcohol

Links have been made in the research between the adolescent displaying ___________ and ______________ behavior.

Sympathy and Prosocial

Early onset of puberty is unlikely to be the result of ____________.

Improved nutrition

Which of the following is an example of a non-suicidal self-injurious act, as defined by Klonsky.

Head-banging

Self-esteem in teens is affected by _______________ in areas that are viewed as important by the individuals

Competence

Which of the following is among the three leading causes of death for youngsters aged 12 to 20 in the United States?

Suicide

____________ believed that females tend to emphasize caring when cognitively handling ethical decisions whereas males emphasize justice.

Gilligan

Which of the following are the best predictors of a positive transition from a high school to a college setting?

High academic ethic and achievement

Which of the following is one of the CDC's main categories of youth risk behaviors?

Risky Sexual Behaviors

______________ has proved to be the therapy of choice for treating bulimia in adults while __________ has been shown to be effective for treating adolescents with bulimia and anorexia.

CBT and Family Therapy

Which of the following is a key feature that characterizes emerging adulthood?

Self-Focus

Erikson posits that from the ages of 19 to 40, individuals work through the crisis of ______________________.

intimacy vs. isolation

According to Levinson, the ages of 17 to 45 encompass ________________, which he divides into the ________ phase and the __________ phase.

early adulthood, novice, culminating

Piaget's concept of ___________________ acknowledges that the world sometimes lacks pure right and wrong solutions so individuals must draw upon prior experiences to solve problems.

Postformal thought

Having a negative body image is unlikely to lead to _________________.

Life Satisfaction

Which of the following is likely to impact secondary aging?

Unhealthy eating

Jung describes ______________ as the common desire to prolong youth and restrain oneself from crossing the threshold into maturity.

nerurotic disturbances in adults

The center of ___________'s theory is _______________, which is described as the underlying pattern of a person's life at any particular time..

Levinson, life structure

According, to Erikson, ___________________ represents a lethargic stance toward the world and is most commonly seen during middle adulthood.

Stagnation

______________, verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and adulthood orientation _______________ in middle adulthood.

Vocabulary, improve

Erikson's stage of ___________, occurring at age 65 and older, involves a possible conflict of coming to terms with one's life and accepting one's life.

Integrity vs. Despair

_________ involves identifying opportunities or domains of activity that are of greatest value or importance.

Selection

Erikson believed that if we see our lives as unproductive, it can lead to ___________.

Depression

Resolution of life's crises, according to Erikson, results in _______________.

Psychosocial regression or growth

Some individuals are more ___________ in their goal striving, which is having the capacity to make choices.

Agentic

Studies show that life satisfaction in older adults is strongly influenced by _______________.

Participation in culturally valued tasks

Older adults may employ _______________ to allocate and refine resources in order to achieve higher level of functioning in selected areas of life.

Optimization

Older adults who reach a sens of ________ feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements.

Integrity

The combination of one's own culture and _________ shapes tha older adult's imagined self, moving into the future.

Life experiences

In the process of accepting one's life, older adults who integrate their ________ and their goal-related activities, typically experience a sense of ______________.

Goals, Fulfillment

Multidimensional functional status incorporates physical well-being , ________, emotional well-being, and social well-being.

Functional Ability

Is it important for counselors to understand that tranquility of life is described often with both ____ and ____ dimensions based on individual's life experiences during their lifespan

Objective, subjective

The _____ of aging is concerned with diseases that cause morbidity and moshock that is associated with news of a terminal illness.rtality and also with the causes of disability and how they affect functional independence

Epidemiology

_______ retirement, limited financial resources, health conditions, and bereavement affect one's interpersonal relationships.

Later life transitions, such as

People's interpersonal relationships and communication skills have been shown to influence each of the following, except _____________.

Life expectancy

__________, the ______ of the Kubler-Ross' stages of grief, may follow the initial shock that is associated with news of a terminal illness.

Denial, first

Kubler-Ross described __ as a reaction to impending death is characterized by sadness and feelings of hopelessness

Depression

Mental health counselors are _____ to diagnose and recommend treatment for older adults in advanced age, possibly in part due to a clinician's _____ in working with this population and attitudes towards aging.

less likely, lack of experience

Which of the following did Capuzzi and Gross offer as a preferred group theory/approach applicable to the aging population?

milieu therapy

Which of the following is a physical impact of aging?

deterioration of body systems