Each cell consist of ____, ____, and ____.
membrane
nucleic acids
cytoplasm
Cell membrane is composed of ____.
phospholipids
The cell is filled with a fluid called ____.
cytoplasm/cytosol
The ____ is a small structure that contains chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell.
nucleus
The nucleus is the defining structure of ____ ____.
eukaryotic cells
The ____ is responsible for passing on of genetic traits between generations.
nucleus
____ are highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA.
Chromosomes
____ is the genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal.
DNA
____ consist of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes.
Chromatin
____ is a structure contained within the nucleus that consist of protein, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis and stores RNA.
Nucleolus
____ ____ encloses the structures of the nucleus, consist of inner and outer membranes made of lipids
Nuclear envelope
____ ____ are involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pores
____ is the liquid within the nucleus similar to cytoplasm.
Nucleoplasm
____ ____ is a thin semipermable membrane made of lipids and proteins.
Cell membrane
Cell membrane allows only ____ ____ to diffuse through it.
small molecules
Molecules that cannot diffuse through the cell membrane must be moved by ____ ____ and ____.
active transport
vesicles
____ are involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids, they make up one quarter of the cell.
Ribosomes
____ ____ is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell, its located near the nucleus.
Golgi complex ( golgi apparatus)
____ are sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal, plant cells have one and animal cells have several.
Vacuoles
____ is a small organelle within a cell, has a membrane and performs varying functions.
Vesicle
____ consist of microtubules that help shape and support the cell.
Cytoskeleton
____ are part of the cytoskeleton, made of proteins.
Microtubules
____ ____ acts as a barrier and helps keep cytoplasm in.
Cell membrane
____ ____ is a tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell, it is fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
Endoplasmic reticulum
____ ____ ____ has ribosomes on the surface.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
____ ____ ____ does not have ribosomes on its surface.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
____ performs various functions such as generating ATP, involved in cell growth and death, and contains their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus, and they vary in size and quantity.
Mitochondrion
Four functions of mitochondria are....
production of cell energy*
cell signaling (communication)
cell differentiation
cell cycle (growth)
The inner membrane of the mitochondria encloses the matrix which contains ____.
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
____ is involved in mitosis and the cell cycle.
Centrosome
____ are structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division, consist of 9 groups of 3 microtubules.
Centriole
____ digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and transports undigested substances to the cells membrane so they can be removed.
Lysosome
____ are appendages extending from the surface of the cell, the movement of which causes the cell to move.
Cilia
The two ways a cell can reproduce are through ____ and ___.
meiosis
mitosis
The process that helps determine the cell type for each cell is known as ____.
differentation
____ is a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes.
Zygote
During ____, an early phase in the embryonic development, the cells are organized into 3 primarily germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
gastrulation
In ____ the cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material.
interphase
In ____ the chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
prophase
In ____ chromosomes become attach to the spindle fibers.
Metaphase
In ____ the pairs of chromosomes begin to separate (daughter chromosomes).
Anaphase
In ____ the spindle disintegrates, nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes revert to chromatin; in animal cells the membrane is pinched; in plant cells a new cell wall begins to form.
telophase
____ has the same phase as mitosis, but happens twice.
Meiosis
____ are groups of cells that work together to form a specific function.
Tissues
The four categories of tissues are....
muscle tissue
nerve tissue
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
____ tissue are cells joined together tightly (ex. skin).
Epithelial
____ tissue can be dense, loose, or fatty; it protects and binds body parts.
Connective
____ tissue cushions and provides structural support for body parts.
Cartilage
____ tissue transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes; defends against disease.
Blood
____ tissue is hard and supports and protects softer tissues and organs.
Bone
____ tissue helps support and move the body; 3 types are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
Muscle
____ tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous
____ dividing into lower and upper halves.
Transverse plane (horizontal)
____ dividing into right and left halves.
Sagital plane
____ dividing into front and back.
Coronal plane (frontal)
The lungs house the ____.
bronchi
The lungs are surrounded by ____ ____.
pleural membrane.
The respiratory muscles include the ____ and ____.
diaphragm
intercostal
The ____ is a dome shape muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
diaphragm
The ____ ____ are located between the ribs.
intercostal muscles
The main function of the ____ ____ is to supply the body with oxygen and rid the body with carbon dioxide; occurs in tiny millions of alveoli, surrounded by blood capillaries
respiratory system
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the ____.
alveoli
____ are that are located in the nasal cavity respond to airborne chemicals.
Chemoreceptors
The ____ ____ helps control breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, sneezing, and swallowing.
medulla oblongata
The ____ ____ is responsible for the internal transport of substances (oxygen, hormones, etc.) to and from cells; it can be either open or closed
circulatory system
The circulatory system consist of three parts....
blood
blood vessels
heart
The ____ ____ system cleans up excess fluid and proteins and returns them to the circulatory system.
lymph vascular
____ is composed of RBC and WBC, platelets and plasma; mostly plasma.
Blood
____ form in the bone marrow and can live up to 2 months.
RBC
____ defend the body against infection and remove various wastes.
WBC
5 types of WBC are....
lymphocytes
neutrophils
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
The halves of the atrium and ventricle in the heart are separated by the ____ ____.
AV valve
____ keep blood moving in a single direction.
Valves
In the cardiac cycle ____ contractions fill the ventricles.
atrial
In the cardiac cycle ____ contractions empty the ventricles, forcing circulation.
ventricular
The circulatory system includes....
coronary circulation
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
____ ____ is the flow of blood to the heart tissue.
Coronary circulation
____ ____ is the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.
Pulmonary circulation
____ ____ is the flow of blood to the entire body.
Systemic circulation
____ ____ ____ functions by transporting oxygen poor blood into the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the body tissues.
Arterial blood pressure
____ ____ are diffusion sites for exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.
Capillary beds
The main functions of the lymphatic system are to
return excess ____ to the ____,
return of ____ from the ____,
transport of ____ from the ____ tract,
disposal of ____ and ____ waste.
fluid-blood
protein-capillaries
fat-digestive
debris-cellular
____ organs include lymph nodes, spleen, adenoids, thymus, tonsils, and small patches of tissue in the small intestine.
Lymphoid
The ____ filters blood stores of red blood cells and macrophages
spleen
The ____ secretes hormones and is the major site of lymphocyte production.
thymus
The ____ is on the upper left of the abdomen, below the diaphragm, it is made up of lymphoid tissue.
spleen
____, ____, and ____ are the 3 ligaments that support the spleen.
Gastrolineal
lienorenal
phrenicocolic
The main functions of the ____ are to filter unwanted materials from the blood and to help fight infections.
Spleen
Movement, secretion, digestion, and absorption are functions of the ____ ____.
gastrointestinal system
____ digestion begins in the stomach.
Protein
The ____ is located below the diaphragm.
liver
The liver is made up of four lobes; ___, ____, ____, and ____.
Right
left
quadrate
caudate
The five ligaments that secure the liver are ____, ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.
falciform
coronary
right triangular
left triangular
round ligaments
Nutrient-rich blood is supplied to the liver via the ____ ____ ____.
hepatic portal vein
The hepatic artery supplies ____-____ ____.
oxygen-rich blood
Blood enters the ____ through branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery.
lobules(livers functional units)
Most nutrients are absorbed in the ____ ____.
small intestine
____ is a secretion of the liver and is useful in breaking down fats.
Bile
The lining of the small intestine is covered with ____; tiny absorptive structures that greatly increase the surface area for interaction with ____.
villy
chime
____ ____ concentrates, mixes and stores waste material; it ascends on the right side of the abdominal cavity then descends and attaches to the rectum.
Large intestine (colon)
The pancreas is made up of ____ and ____ tissues.
exocrine
endocrine
The ____ tissue secretes digestive enzymes from a series of ducts that collectively form the main pancreatic duct.
exocrine
The ____ tissue secrets hormones in the bloodstream.
endocrine
Blood is supplied to the pancreas from the ____ artery, ____ artery, and ____ ____ artery.
splenic
gastroduodenal
superior mesenteric
Messages are sent across the plasma membrane of neurons through a process called ____ ____.
action potential
In ____ ____ one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space that is adjacent to another neuron.
chemical synapse
Three types of neurons are ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____.
sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons
____ ____ transmit signals to the CNS from the sensory receptors associated with touch, pain, temperature, hearing, sight, and smell.
Sensory neurons
____ ____ transmit signals from the CNS to the rest of the body such as by signaling muscles or glands to respond.
Motor neurons
____ transmit signals between neurons.
Interneurons
Three parts of a neuron are ____, ____ ____, and ____.
dendrites
cell body (soma)
axon
____ receive impulses from sensory receptors or interneurons and transmit them toward the cell body.
Dendrites
The ____ ____ contains the nucleus of the neuron.
cell body (soma)
The ____ transmits impulses away from the cell body, it is insulated by oligodendrocytes and myelin seth with gaps known as nodes of Ranvier.
axon
The two primary components of the CNS are the ____ ____ and the brain.
spinal cord
brain
The ____ ____ is encased int he bony structure of the vertebrae, which protects and supports it.
spinal cord
The brain consist of the ____ which includes the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons.
hindbrain
The ____ integrates sensory signals and orchestrates responses to these signals.
midbrain
The ____ includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
forebrain
The ____ ____ is a thin layer of gray matter covering the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
The brain is divided into four lobes; ____, ____, ____, and ____.
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
The ____ lobe is located at the front of the brain and it is responsible for a short term and working memory and information processing as well as decision making, planning, and judgement.
frontal
The ____ lobe is located slightly towards the back of the brain and the top of the head and is responsible for sensory input as well as spatial positioning of the body.
parietal
The ____ lobe is located at the back of the head above the brain stem, it is responsible for visual input, processing, and output.
occipital
The ____ lobes are located at the right and left side of the brain, they are responsible for all auditory input, processing, and output.
temporal
The ___ receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movement. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, and speech.
cerebellum
The ____ lies above the pons and medulla oblongata.
midbrain
Parts of the midbrain include ____, ____, and ____ ____.
tectum
tegmentum
ventral tegmentum
The ____ ____ ____ consist of nerves and ganglia throughout the body and includes sympathetic nerves which trigger the flight or fight response, and the parasympathetic nerves which control basic body function.
peripheral nervous systmem
The ____ ____ ____ maintains homeostasis within the body, it controls the functions of the internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue, and glands.
autonomic nervous system
The ____ controls the ANS through the brain stem.
hypothalamus
The ____ ____ ____ helps maintain a stable body environment by regulating numerous factors including heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, and blood ph.
autonomic nervous system
The ANS consist of two divisions the ____ ____ ____ and ____ ____ ____.
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
The ____ ____ ____ controls the bodys reaction to extreme, stressful, and emergency situations.
sympathetic nervous system
The ____ ____ ____ decreases heart rate and decreases adrenaline.
parasympathetic nervous sysmtem
The ____ ____ ____ controls the five senses and the voluntary movement of skeletal muscle.
somatic nervous system
____ and ____ help the SNS operate the senses and the movement of skeletal muscles.
Efferent (motor)
afferent(sensory)
____ muscles bring signals from the CNS to the sensory organs and muscles.
Efferent
____ muscles bring signals from the sensory organs and the muscles to the to the CNS.
Afferent
The ____ ____ is the simplest nerve path which bypasses the brain and is controlled by the spinal cord.
reflex arc
There are 3 types of muscle tissue;
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
____ ____ are voluntary muscles that work in pairs to move various parts of the skeleton.
Skeletal muscle
____ ____ are involuntary muscles that are found in the walls of the internal organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels, uterus).
Smooth muscle
____ ____ tissue is only found in the heart
Cardiac muscle
Myofibrils are composed of multiple repeating contractile units called ____.
sarcomeres
____ contain two protein microfilaments, a thick filament that is composed of the protein myosin and a thin filament that is composed of the protein actin.
Myofibrils
The ____ stores sperm as it matures.
epididymis
The ____ ____ consist of skin including sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair, and nails.
integumentary system
____ is the most superficial layer of the skin, it dosent contain blood vessels
Epidermis
____ ____ is the deepest portion of the epidermis; it is a single layer of cells that continually undergo division.
Stratum basale
The ____ is beneath the epidermis, it consist mostly connective tissue;it contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebacious glands, sweat glands, elastin, and collagen fibers.
dermis
The ___ ____ is not a layer of the skin,it consist of connective tissue and the deposited fat help cushion and insulate the body.
subcutaneous layer
The temperature of the body is controlled by a ____ ____ ____ consisting of a receptor(sensory cells located in the dermis), control center(in the hypothalamus), and effector(sweat glands, blood vessels and muscles).
negative feedback system
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are ____ ____ found in the skin.
exocrine glands
____ ____ secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum.
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands are ____ ____; they activate by raising body temperature, found in neck, forehead, and back, and secrete salty solutions.
eccrine glands
____ ____ secrete an oily solution containing fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins when a person is stressed, they are located in the armpits, groin, palms, and feet.
Apocrine glands
The ____ ____ secretes the hormones and other molecules that help regulate the entire body in both the short and long term.
endocrine system
_____ ____ is an endocrine gland that monitors blood sugar level; helps in lipid and protein metabolism.
Adrenal cortex
____ ____ is an endocrine gland that controls cardiac function, raises blood sugar, and controls the size of blood vessels.
Adrenal medulla
____ ____ is an endocrine gland that helps regulate metabolism and functions in growth and development.
Thyroid gland
____ is an endocrine gland that regulates calcium levels in the blood; have 4 small glands.
Parathyroid
____ ____ are endocrine glands that raise and lower blood sugar.
Pancreas islets
____ ____ is an endocrine gland that plays a role in immune responses.
Thymus gland
____ ____ is an endocrine gland that has an influence on daily biorhythms and sexual activity.
Pineal gland
____ ____ is an endocrine gland that plays an important role in growth and development.
Pituitary gland
The ____ ____ ____ are made up of insulin producing beta cells and glucagon releasing alpha cells
islets of langerhans
The major hormones produced by the pancreas are ____ and ____.
insulin
glucagon
The body uses ____ to control carbohydrate metabolism by lowering blood sugar.
insulin
The body uses ____ to control carbohydrate metabolism by increasing blood sugar.
glucagon
The urinary system consist of ____, ____ ____, and ____.
kidneys
urinary ducts
bladder
Each kidney consist of 3 layers; ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
The renal cortex is composed of one million ____; filters of the kidney that contain glomerulus surrounded by Bowmans capsule.
renal cortex
Blood flows from the renal arteries into the arterioles then to the ____.
glomerulus
The immune system includes ____ ____, ____ ____ ____, and ____.
lymphatic system
red bone marrow
leukocytes (WBC)
The ____ serves as a maturation chamber for the immature T cells that are formed in the bone marrow.
thymus
The 3 types of WBC are ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.
macrophages
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
____ are phagocytes that alert T cells to the presence of foreign substances; they destroy pahtogens..
Macrophages
____ ____ directly attack cells infected by viruses and bacteria.
T lymphocytes
____ ____ target specific bacteria for destruction.
B lymphocytes
____ ____ present antigen to T cells.
Dendritic cells
____ are short-living phagocytes that respond quickly to invaders.
Neutrophils
____ alert the body of invasion.
Basophils
____ are large, non-living phagocytes that defend against multicellular invaders.
Eosinophils
____ ____ ____ ____ occurs when a person is exposed and builds immunity to a pathogen without an immunization.
Naturally acquired active immunity
____ ____ ____ ____ occurs when a person is exposed and builds immunity by a vaccine.
Artificially acquired active immunity