TEAS 6 science

Each cell consist of ____, ____, and ____.

membrane
nucleic acids
cytoplasm

Cell membrane is composed of ____.

phospholipids

The cell is filled with a fluid called ____.

cytoplasm/cytosol

The ____ is a small structure that contains chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell.

nucleus

The nucleus is the defining structure of ____ ____.

eukaryotic cells

The ____ is responsible for passing on of genetic traits between generations.

nucleus

____ are highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA.

Chromosomes

____ is the genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal.

DNA

____ consist of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes.

Chromatin

____ is a structure contained within the nucleus that consist of protein, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis and stores RNA.

Nucleolus

____ ____ encloses the structures of the nucleus, consist of inner and outer membranes made of lipids

Nuclear envelope

____ ____ are involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nuclear pores

____ is the liquid within the nucleus similar to cytoplasm.

Nucleoplasm

____ ____ is a thin semipermable membrane made of lipids and proteins.

Cell membrane

Cell membrane allows only ____ ____ to diffuse through it.

small molecules

Molecules that cannot diffuse through the cell membrane must be moved by ____ ____ and ____.

active transport
vesicles

____ are involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids, they make up one quarter of the cell.

Ribosomes

____ ____ is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell, its located near the nucleus.

Golgi complex ( golgi apparatus)

____ are sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal, plant cells have one and animal cells have several.

Vacuoles

____ is a small organelle within a cell, has a membrane and performs varying functions.

Vesicle

____ consist of microtubules that help shape and support the cell.

Cytoskeleton

____ are part of the cytoskeleton, made of proteins.

Microtubules

____ ____ acts as a barrier and helps keep cytoplasm in.

Cell membrane

____ ____ is a tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell, it is fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.

Endoplasmic reticulum

____ ____ ____ has ribosomes on the surface.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

____ ____ ____ does not have ribosomes on its surface.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____ performs various functions such as generating ATP, involved in cell growth and death, and contains their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus, and they vary in size and quantity.

Mitochondrion

Four functions of mitochondria are....

production of cell energy*
cell signaling (communication)
cell differentiation
cell cycle (growth)

The inner membrane of the mitochondria encloses the matrix which contains ____.

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

____ is involved in mitosis and the cell cycle.

Centrosome

____ are structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division, consist of 9 groups of 3 microtubules.

Centriole

____ digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and transports undigested substances to the cells membrane so they can be removed.

Lysosome

____ are appendages extending from the surface of the cell, the movement of which causes the cell to move.

Cilia

The two ways a cell can reproduce are through ____ and ___.

meiosis
mitosis

The process that helps determine the cell type for each cell is known as ____.

differentation

____ is a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes.

Zygote

During ____, an early phase in the embryonic development, the cells are organized into 3 primarily germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

gastrulation

In ____ the cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material.

interphase

In ____ the chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.

prophase

In ____ chromosomes become attach to the spindle fibers.

Metaphase

In ____ the pairs of chromosomes begin to separate (daughter chromosomes).

Anaphase

In ____ the spindle disintegrates, nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes revert to chromatin; in animal cells the membrane is pinched; in plant cells a new cell wall begins to form.

telophase

____ has the same phase as mitosis, but happens twice.

Meiosis

____ are groups of cells that work together to form a specific function.

Tissues

The four categories of tissues are....

muscle tissue
nerve tissue
epithelial tissue
connective tissue

____ tissue are cells joined together tightly (ex. skin).

Epithelial

____ tissue can be dense, loose, or fatty; it protects and binds body parts.

Connective

____ tissue cushions and provides structural support for body parts.

Cartilage

____ tissue transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes; defends against disease.

Blood

____ tissue is hard and supports and protects softer tissues and organs.

Bone

____ tissue helps support and move the body; 3 types are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.

Muscle

____ tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous

____ dividing into lower and upper halves.

Transverse plane (horizontal)

____ dividing into right and left halves.

Sagital plane

____ dividing into front and back.

Coronal plane (frontal)

The lungs house the ____.

bronchi

The lungs are surrounded by ____ ____.

pleural membrane.

The respiratory muscles include the ____ and ____.

diaphragm
intercostal

The ____ is a dome shape muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

diaphragm

The ____ ____ are located between the ribs.

intercostal muscles

The main function of the ____ ____ is to supply the body with oxygen and rid the body with carbon dioxide; occurs in tiny millions of alveoli, surrounded by blood capillaries

respiratory system

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the ____.

alveoli

____ are that are located in the nasal cavity respond to airborne chemicals.

Chemoreceptors

The ____ ____ helps control breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, sneezing, and swallowing.

medulla oblongata

The ____ ____ is responsible for the internal transport of substances (oxygen, hormones, etc.) to and from cells; it can be either open or closed

circulatory system

The circulatory system consist of three parts....

blood
blood vessels
heart

The ____ ____ system cleans up excess fluid and proteins and returns them to the circulatory system.

lymph vascular

____ is composed of RBC and WBC, platelets and plasma; mostly plasma.

Blood

____ form in the bone marrow and can live up to 2 months.

RBC

____ defend the body against infection and remove various wastes.

WBC

5 types of WBC are....

lymphocytes
neutrophils
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

The halves of the atrium and ventricle in the heart are separated by the ____ ____.

AV valve

____ keep blood moving in a single direction.

Valves

In the cardiac cycle ____ contractions fill the ventricles.

atrial

In the cardiac cycle ____ contractions empty the ventricles, forcing circulation.

ventricular

The circulatory system includes....

coronary circulation
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation

____ ____ is the flow of blood to the heart tissue.

Coronary circulation

____ ____ is the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.

Pulmonary circulation

____ ____ is the flow of blood to the entire body.

Systemic circulation

____ ____ ____ functions by transporting oxygen poor blood into the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the body tissues.

Arterial blood pressure

____ ____ are diffusion sites for exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.

Capillary beds

The main functions of the lymphatic system are to
return excess ____ to the ____,
return of ____ from the ____,
transport of ____ from the ____ tract,
disposal of ____ and ____ waste.

fluid-blood
protein-capillaries
fat-digestive
debris-cellular

____ organs include lymph nodes, spleen, adenoids, thymus, tonsils, and small patches of tissue in the small intestine.

Lymphoid

The ____ filters blood stores of red blood cells and macrophages

spleen

The ____ secretes hormones and is the major site of lymphocyte production.

thymus

The ____ is on the upper left of the abdomen, below the diaphragm, it is made up of lymphoid tissue.

spleen

____, ____, and ____ are the 3 ligaments that support the spleen.

Gastrolineal
lienorenal
phrenicocolic

The main functions of the ____ are to filter unwanted materials from the blood and to help fight infections.

Spleen

Movement, secretion, digestion, and absorption are functions of the ____ ____.

gastrointestinal system

____ digestion begins in the stomach.

Protein

The ____ is located below the diaphragm.

liver

The liver is made up of four lobes; ___, ____, ____, and ____.

Right
left
quadrate
caudate

The five ligaments that secure the liver are ____, ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.

falciform
coronary
right triangular
left triangular
round ligaments

Nutrient-rich blood is supplied to the liver via the ____ ____ ____.

hepatic portal vein

The hepatic artery supplies ____-____ ____.

oxygen-rich blood

Blood enters the ____ through branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery.

lobules(livers functional units)

Most nutrients are absorbed in the ____ ____.

small intestine

____ is a secretion of the liver and is useful in breaking down fats.

Bile

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ____; tiny absorptive structures that greatly increase the surface area for interaction with ____.

villy
chime

____ ____ concentrates, mixes and stores waste material; it ascends on the right side of the abdominal cavity then descends and attaches to the rectum.

Large intestine (colon)

The pancreas is made up of ____ and ____ tissues.

exocrine
endocrine

The ____ tissue secretes digestive enzymes from a series of ducts that collectively form the main pancreatic duct.

exocrine

The ____ tissue secrets hormones in the bloodstream.

endocrine

Blood is supplied to the pancreas from the ____ artery, ____ artery, and ____ ____ artery.

splenic
gastroduodenal
superior mesenteric

Messages are sent across the plasma membrane of neurons through a process called ____ ____.

action potential

In ____ ____ one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space that is adjacent to another neuron.

chemical synapse

Three types of neurons are ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____.

sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons

____ ____ transmit signals to the CNS from the sensory receptors associated with touch, pain, temperature, hearing, sight, and smell.

Sensory neurons

____ ____ transmit signals from the CNS to the rest of the body such as by signaling muscles or glands to respond.

Motor neurons

____ transmit signals between neurons.

Interneurons

Three parts of a neuron are ____, ____ ____, and ____.

dendrites
cell body (soma)
axon

____ receive impulses from sensory receptors or interneurons and transmit them toward the cell body.

Dendrites

The ____ ____ contains the nucleus of the neuron.

cell body (soma)

The ____ transmits impulses away from the cell body, it is insulated by oligodendrocytes and myelin seth with gaps known as nodes of Ranvier.

axon

The two primary components of the CNS are the ____ ____ and the brain.

spinal cord
brain

The ____ ____ is encased int he bony structure of the vertebrae, which protects and supports it.

spinal cord

The brain consist of the ____ which includes the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons.

hindbrain

The ____ integrates sensory signals and orchestrates responses to these signals.

midbrain

The ____ includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

forebrain

The ____ ____ is a thin layer of gray matter covering the cerebrum

cerebral cortex

The brain is divided into four lobes; ____, ____, ____, and ____.

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

The ____ lobe is located at the front of the brain and it is responsible for a short term and working memory and information processing as well as decision making, planning, and judgement.

frontal

The ____ lobe is located slightly towards the back of the brain and the top of the head and is responsible for sensory input as well as spatial positioning of the body.

parietal

The ____ lobe is located at the back of the head above the brain stem, it is responsible for visual input, processing, and output.

occipital

The ____ lobes are located at the right and left side of the brain, they are responsible for all auditory input, processing, and output.

temporal

The ___ receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movement. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, and speech.

cerebellum

The ____ lies above the pons and medulla oblongata.

midbrain

Parts of the midbrain include ____, ____, and ____ ____.

tectum
tegmentum
ventral tegmentum

The ____ ____ ____ consist of nerves and ganglia throughout the body and includes sympathetic nerves which trigger the flight or fight response, and the parasympathetic nerves which control basic body function.

peripheral nervous systmem

The ____ ____ ____ maintains homeostasis within the body, it controls the functions of the internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue, and glands.

autonomic nervous system

The ____ controls the ANS through the brain stem.

hypothalamus

The ____ ____ ____ helps maintain a stable body environment by regulating numerous factors including heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, and blood ph.

autonomic nervous system

The ANS consist of two divisions the ____ ____ ____ and ____ ____ ____.

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

The ____ ____ ____ controls the bodys reaction to extreme, stressful, and emergency situations.

sympathetic nervous system

The ____ ____ ____ decreases heart rate and decreases adrenaline.

parasympathetic nervous sysmtem

The ____ ____ ____ controls the five senses and the voluntary movement of skeletal muscle.

somatic nervous system

____ and ____ help the SNS operate the senses and the movement of skeletal muscles.

Efferent (motor)
afferent(sensory)

____ muscles bring signals from the CNS to the sensory organs and muscles.

Efferent

____ muscles bring signals from the sensory organs and the muscles to the to the CNS.

Afferent

The ____ ____ is the simplest nerve path which bypasses the brain and is controlled by the spinal cord.

reflex arc

There are 3 types of muscle tissue;

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

____ ____ are voluntary muscles that work in pairs to move various parts of the skeleton.

Skeletal muscle

____ ____ are involuntary muscles that are found in the walls of the internal organs (stomach, intestines, blood vessels, uterus).

Smooth muscle

____ ____ tissue is only found in the heart

Cardiac muscle

Myofibrils are composed of multiple repeating contractile units called ____.

sarcomeres

____ contain two protein microfilaments, a thick filament that is composed of the protein myosin and a thin filament that is composed of the protein actin.

Myofibrils

The ____ stores sperm as it matures.

epididymis

The ____ ____ consist of skin including sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair, and nails.

integumentary system

____ is the most superficial layer of the skin, it dosent contain blood vessels

Epidermis

____ ____ is the deepest portion of the epidermis; it is a single layer of cells that continually undergo division.

Stratum basale

The ____ is beneath the epidermis, it consist mostly connective tissue;it contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebacious glands, sweat glands, elastin, and collagen fibers.

dermis

The ___ ____ is not a layer of the skin,it consist of connective tissue and the deposited fat help cushion and insulate the body.

subcutaneous layer

The temperature of the body is controlled by a ____ ____ ____ consisting of a receptor(sensory cells located in the dermis), control center(in the hypothalamus), and effector(sweat glands, blood vessels and muscles).

negative feedback system

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are ____ ____ found in the skin.

exocrine glands

____ ____ secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum.

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands are ____ ____; they activate by raising body temperature, found in neck, forehead, and back, and secrete salty solutions.

eccrine glands

____ ____ secrete an oily solution containing fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins when a person is stressed, they are located in the armpits, groin, palms, and feet.

Apocrine glands

The ____ ____ secretes the hormones and other molecules that help regulate the entire body in both the short and long term.

endocrine system

_____ ____ is an endocrine gland that monitors blood sugar level; helps in lipid and protein metabolism.

Adrenal cortex

____ ____ is an endocrine gland that controls cardiac function, raises blood sugar, and controls the size of blood vessels.

Adrenal medulla

____ ____ is an endocrine gland that helps regulate metabolism and functions in growth and development.

Thyroid gland

____ is an endocrine gland that regulates calcium levels in the blood; have 4 small glands.

Parathyroid

____ ____ are endocrine glands that raise and lower blood sugar.

Pancreas islets

____ ____ is an endocrine gland that plays a role in immune responses.

Thymus gland

____ ____ is an endocrine gland that has an influence on daily biorhythms and sexual activity.

Pineal gland

____ ____ is an endocrine gland that plays an important role in growth and development.

Pituitary gland

The ____ ____ ____ are made up of insulin producing beta cells and glucagon releasing alpha cells

islets of langerhans

The major hormones produced by the pancreas are ____ and ____.

insulin
glucagon

The body uses ____ to control carbohydrate metabolism by lowering blood sugar.

insulin

The body uses ____ to control carbohydrate metabolism by increasing blood sugar.

glucagon

The urinary system consist of ____, ____ ____, and ____.

kidneys
urinary ducts
bladder

Each kidney consist of 3 layers; ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

The renal cortex is composed of one million ____; filters of the kidney that contain glomerulus surrounded by Bowmans capsule.

renal cortex

Blood flows from the renal arteries into the arterioles then to the ____.

glomerulus

The immune system includes ____ ____, ____ ____ ____, and ____.

lymphatic system
red bone marrow
leukocytes (WBC)

The ____ serves as a maturation chamber for the immature T cells that are formed in the bone marrow.

thymus

The 3 types of WBC are ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____.

macrophages
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

____ are phagocytes that alert T cells to the presence of foreign substances; they destroy pahtogens..

Macrophages

____ ____ directly attack cells infected by viruses and bacteria.

T lymphocytes

____ ____ target specific bacteria for destruction.

B lymphocytes

____ ____ present antigen to T cells.

Dendritic cells

____ are short-living phagocytes that respond quickly to invaders.

Neutrophils

____ alert the body of invasion.

Basophils

____ are large, non-living phagocytes that defend against multicellular invaders.

Eosinophils

____ ____ ____ ____ occurs when a person is exposed and builds immunity to a pathogen without an immunization.

Naturally acquired active immunity

____ ____ ____ ____ occurs when a person is exposed and builds immunity by a vaccine.

Artificially acquired active immunity