What are the four places that glucose is stored?
-liver
-muscle
-fat tissue
-cells
What happens when insulin helps glucose to move into liver and store it as glycogen?
glycogen breakdown is inhibited
What happens when insulin helps glucose move into the muscle and store it as glycogen?
protein breakdown is inhibited
What happens when insulin helps glucose move into adipose tissue and stores it as fatty acids and triglycerides?
breakdown of fat is inhibited
What happens when it helps amino acids move into cells?
breakdown of protein is inhibited
Storage of glucose in the liver as glycogen is called?
glycogenesis
Describe glycogenolysis
pathway by which glycogen is converted to glucose
Describe gluconeogenesis
synthesis of new glucose fron non-carbogydrates (amino acids and fat)
What happens when not enough insulin is produced?
-glucose stays circulating in the blood
-metabolism of CHO, fats, and proteins is altered
-symptoms of 3 P's
How is the metabolism altered in the liver and muscle?
glycogen is converted to glucose
How is the metabolism altered in fat?
breakdown of fats for energy will liberate ketone bodies
How is the metabolism altered in a cell?
-protein depletion
-muscle wasting
Describe insulin resistance
-fasting blood glucose more than 100mg/dL
-abnormal GTT
Describe central obesity
-waist circumference more than 35 inches in women
-more than 40 inches in men
Describe dyslipidemia results
-triglycerides >150 mg/dL
-HDL <50 mg/dL (women)
-HDL <40 mg/dL (men)
Describe type 1 diabetes
-insulin dependent
-pacreatic beta cells are destroyed= no insulin produced
-before age 30
-required long lide insulin infections (exogenous)
Discuss type 1 DM S/S
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-weight loss
-fatigue
-increased frequency of infection
-rapid onset
-insulin dependent
-peak incidence from 10-15yrs
Describe type 2 diabetes
-decreased sensitvity to insulin
-decreased insulin production
Describe gestational diabetes
-during pregnancy (2nd or 3rd trimester)
-apparent during 24-28th wks of pregnancy
-glucose intolerance
Discuss risk factors of gestational diabetes
-materanal age over 30yo
-family hx of diabetes
-obesity
-delivery of a baby over 9 pounds
Describe polyuria
-secondary fluid loss resulting from osmotic diuresis
-fluid move from ICF to ECF where they excreted by kidneys
Describe polydipsia
-compensatory response to polyuria to maintain hydration
-thirst center in the anterior hypothalamus is stimulated
Describe polyphagia
-secondary to insulin deficiency
-glucose can't be used by the cells for energy
-prottina/fats are catabolized for energy
Discuss intracellular hypoglycemia
-glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis
-breakdown fats
-high levels of ketones
-diabetic ketoacidosis
Discuss extracellular hyperglycemia
-hyperosmotic plasma
-dehydration of cells
-hyperglycemic coma
-osmotic diuresis