Upton Sinclair
Author of "The Jungle
Cattle Cycle
Pattern of expansion and contraction in inventory of cattle and calves for a specified period of time
Inferior
USDA grade given to feeder cattle that are unhealthy or unthrifty
Cincinnati
US city known as Porkopolis
Break Joint
Name of joint that characterizes lamb carcasses
Spool Joint
Name of joint that characterizes mutton carcasses
Chicago
Location of the largest ever stockyard
Market Hogs
Principle producers of pork
Hog: Corn
A ratio used to express the relationship of feeding costs and the dollar value of livestock
Quality
Slaughter grades intended to measure consumer palatability characteeristics
Yield
Slaughter grades that refer to the expected percent of boneless, closely-trimmed retail cuts.
Cowboy's Delimma
When cattle numbers go up. slaughter rate is low, cattle prices are high and everyone gets in the business; however, slaughter rate will eventually peak, prices will go down and everyone gets out of the business.
William Pynchon
First American packer, founder of Springfield Mass.
Muscle Thickness
Feeder cattle grade related to the amount of muscling present in proportion to bone and fat.
Frame Size
Feeder cattle grade related to the weight at which, under normal feeding and management, an animal will produce a Choice carcass.
Hernan Cortez
Brought cattle, sheep, and swine into Mexico in 1519
Supply and Demand
The underlying cause of fluctuations in livestock prices.
Marbling
Flecks of intramuscular fat
Sam Wilson
Individual credited with being the first US meat processor.
Earliest maturing, heaviest muscled steer
Small, No.1
What do frame size and muscle thickness do?
Reflect the value of feeder cattle
Choice
Steer graded with a moderate amount of marbling
USDA 1/USDA 5
Highest carcass yield for sheep/ Fattest carcass yield for sheep
Most lamb carcasses grade
Prime of choice
Grade not possible for lamb carcass over 14 months
Prime
Loin
Highest priced wholesale cut on cattle, sheep, and hogs.
3 challenges of producing hogs in confinement
Waste disposal
Controlling odor
bio-security
Length of estrous cycle in gilts/sows
18-21 days
Length of estrous period in gilts/sows
2-3 days
Number of litters expected from sows per year
2.5 litters
Gestation length of sows
114 days - 3 months 3 weeks 3 days
Length of lactation in sows
21 days
Length of gestation for cows
283 days
Average in days, of weaning calves
205 days
Age in which heifers usually calve for the 1st time
24 months
Age in which heifers are usually bred the first time
13-15 months
Typical lifespan of beef cows
9-11 years
Functions of muscle
Movement/locomotion
Aid in digestion
Protection
Two types of sheep operations in the US
Range Flock and Small Farm Flock
General region in US that produces the most broilers
Southeast
What do slaughter cattle yield grades measure?
area of ribeye muscle
fat over 12th rib
kidney, heart, and pelvic fat
carcass weight
amount of muscle to exterior fat present
Pigs are most efficient in which stage of production?
Finisher Stage
Pigs consume the most feed in which stage of production?
Finisher stage?
Which grade of wool is the greasiest?
Fine
Which grade of wool has the largest diameter?
Common and Braid
Which grade has the most crimp per inch?
Fine
Which breed of sheep was the basis for the American Blood Grade System?
Merino
Average weight of pigs that were just weaned?
15 pounds
What is the primary reason producers cannot instantly respond to price changes?
biological Time Lag
Biological time lag of each species
Cattle: 30 months
Pigs: 10 months
Sheep: 10 months
Replacement gilts and boars are usually selected when?
5-6 months of age
250-260 pounds
After a sow's litter is weaned, how long until she comes into heat?
3-7 days
How many pigs does a sow wean on average?
10-11
How many pigs should a sow wean a year?
25-28
At what age are gilts normally bred for the first time?
7-9 months
Average length of parturition in hogs?
3-6 hours
4 things milk is tested for
Antibiotics
Added water/ freezing point
Somatic Cell
Bacteria
Average weight of beef calves at weaning
500lbs
Order where beef cattle deposit fat
1. Loin/Back
2. Ribs
3. Tailhead
4. Brisket
5. Flank
Evaluating fat on sheep
Rack/Loin, Twist, Flank, Ribs, Breast
Lactation period for dairy cattle
Dry period
305 days
60 days
Mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland
Two advantages of calf hutches
Ventilation and disease control
Ingredients in the Total Mixed Ration
Corn silage, alfalfa haylage, grain mix, whole cottonseed, long-stem hay
BCS in Dairy Cattle
1-5, 5 being fattest.
BCS in Beef Cattle
1-9, 9 being extremely obese.
What is the purpose of meat inspection?
Enables comsumers to get a healthy, wholesome product, free of contamination.
3 types of meat inspection
Federal, State, Custom
Minimum Standards for CAB
51% black hide
Average choice or higher
No dairy
Difference between udder and cod fat
Udder fat is smooth, cod fat is globby
3 variables needed to calculate a USDA lamb quality grade?
Maturity, flank streaking, conformation.
USDA quality grades for lambs
Prime, Choice, Good, Utility, Cull
What is the largest segment of the ag industry?
Beef Cattle Farms
Cattle % and uses
50-60% Breeding animals
15-20% Replacements
10-15% finished for beef
10-15% veal calves
Average length of the cattle cycle
10 years
4 phases of the cattle cycle
Consolidation, expansion, peak, liquidation
Upton Sinclair
Author of "The Jungle
Cattle Cycle
Pattern of expansion and contraction in inventory of cattle and calves for a specified period of time
Inferior
USDA grade given to feeder cattle that are unhealthy or unthrifty
Cincinnati
US city known as Porkopolis
Break Joint
Name of joint that characterizes lamb carcasses
Spool Joint
Name of joint that characterizes mutton carcasses
Chicago
Location of the largest ever stockyard
Market Hogs
Principle producers of pork
Hog: Corn
A ratio used to express the relationship of feeding costs and the dollar value of livestock
Quality
Slaughter grades intended to measure consumer palatability characteeristics
Yield
Slaughter grades that refer to the expected percent of boneless, closely-trimmed retail cuts.
Cowboy's Delimma
When cattle numbers go up. slaughter rate is low, cattle prices are high and everyone gets in the business; however, slaughter rate will eventually peak, prices will go down and everyone gets out of the business.
William Pynchon
First American packer, founder of Springfield Mass.
Muscle Thickness
Feeder cattle grade related to the amount of muscling present in proportion to bone and fat.
Frame Size
Feeder cattle grade related to the weight at which, under normal feeding and management, an animal will produce a Choice carcass.
Hernan Cortez
Brought cattle, sheep, and swine into Mexico in 1519
Supply and Demand
The underlying cause of fluctuations in livestock prices.
Marbling
Flecks of intramuscular fat
Sam Wilson
Individual credited with being the first US meat processor.
Earliest maturing, heaviest muscled steer
Small, No.1
What do frame size and muscle thickness do?
Reflect the value of feeder cattle
Choice
Steer graded with a moderate amount of marbling
USDA 1/USDA 5
Highest carcass yield for sheep/ Fattest carcass yield for sheep
Most lamb carcasses grade
Prime of choice
Grade not possible for lamb carcass over 14 months
Prime
Loin
Highest priced wholesale cut on cattle, sheep, and hogs.
3 challenges of producing hogs in confinement
Waste disposal
Controlling odor
bio-security
Length of estrous cycle in gilts/sows
18-21 days
Length of estrous period in gilts/sows
2-3 days
Number of litters expected from sows per year
2.5 litters
Gestation length of sows
114 days - 3 months 3 weeks 3 days
Length of lactation in sows
21 days
Length of gestation for cows
283 days
Average in days, of weaning calves
205 days
Age in which heifers usually calve for the 1st time
24 months
Age in which heifers are usually bred the first time
13-15 months
Typical lifespan of beef cows
9-11 years
Functions of muscle
Movement/locomotion
Aid in digestion
Protection
Two types of sheep operations in the US
Range Flock and Small Farm Flock
General region in US that produces the most broilers
Southeast
What do slaughter cattle yield grades measure?
area of ribeye muscle
fat over 12th rib
kidney, heart, and pelvic fat
carcass weight
amount of muscle to exterior fat present
Pigs are most efficient in which stage of production?
Finisher Stage
Pigs consume the most feed in which stage of production?
Finisher stage?
Which grade of wool is the greasiest?
Fine
Which grade of wool has the largest diameter?
Common and Braid
Which grade has the most crimp per inch?
Fine
Which breed of sheep was the basis for the American Blood Grade System?
Merino
Average weight of pigs that were just weaned?
15 pounds
What is the primary reason producers cannot instantly respond to price changes?
biological Time Lag
Biological time lag of each species
Cattle: 30 months
Pigs: 10 months
Sheep: 10 months
Replacement gilts and boars are usually selected when?
5-6 months of age
250-260 pounds
After a sow's litter is weaned, how long until she comes into heat?
3-7 days
How many pigs does a sow wean on average?
11-Oct
How many pigs should a sow wean a year?
25-28
At what age are gilts normally bred for the first time?
7-9 months
Average length of parturition in hogs?
3-6 hours
4 things milk is tested for
Antibiotics
Added water/ freezing point
Somatic Cell
Bacteria
Average weight of beef calves at weaning
500lbs
Order where beef cattle deposit fat
1. Loin/Back
2. Ribs
3. Tailhead
4. Brisket
5. Flank
Evaluating fat on sheep
Rack/Loin, Twist, Flank, Ribs, Breast
Lactation period for dairy cattle
Dry period
305 days
60 days
Mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland
Two advantages of calf hutches
Ventilation and disease control
Ingredients in the Total Mixed Ration
Corn silage, alfalfa haylage, grain mix, whole cottonseed, long-stem hay
BCS in Dairy Cattle
1-5, 5 being fattest.
BCS in Beef Cattle
1-9, 9 being extremely obese.
What is the purpose of meat inspection?
Enables comsumers to get a healthy, wholesome product, free of contamination.
3 types of meat inspection
Federal, State, Custom
Minimum Standards for CAB
51% black hide
Average choice or higher
No dairy
Difference between udder and cod fat
Udder fat is smooth, cod fat is globby
3 variables needed to calculate a USDA lamb quality grade?
Maturity, flank streaking, conformation.
USDA quality grades for lambs
Prime, Choice, Good, Utility, Cull
What is the largest segment of the ag industry?
Beef Cattle Farms
Cattle % and uses
50-60% Breeding animals
15-20% Replacements
10-15% finished for beef
10-15% veal calves
Average length of the cattle cycle
10 years
4 phases of the cattle cycle
Consolidation, expansion, peak, liquidation