Interpersonal Communication
A distinctive, transactional form of human communication involving mutual influence, usually for the purpose of managing relationships. occurs when you treat others as unique and relate to them as authentic individuals
Impersonal Communication
Occurs when you treat others as objects or relate to them as roles
I-It
When you have a role to perform and there is mechanical,stilted interaction. Involved in Impersonal communications
I-Thou
A relationship that is true dialogue and honest sharing. Involved in Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communications Importance in life
Improved relationships with family, friends and lovers, colleagues, and improved physical and emotional health
Source
The originator of a thought o emotion, who puts it into a code that can be understood by receiver
Message
The written, spoken, and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning.
Channel
Pathways through which messages are sent
Reciever
Person who decodes the message and attempts to make sense of what the source has encoded
Noise
Interference's that keeps a message from being understood and achieving its intended effect
Feedback
A response to the message and without it, effective communication rarely occurs
Context
Physical and psychological environment for communication
Models of Communication Process
1. Communication is action: Message Transfer
2. Human communication as interaction: Message exchange
3. Human Communication as transaction:Message Creation
Interpersonal Communication Principles
connects us to others; is irreversible; and is complicated
Rule
Followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain communication situations or contexts
Content Message
refers to the information ideas and suggested actions the speaker wishes to share - what is said
Relationship Message
the relationship dimension of a communication message offers cues about the emotion, attitudes, and amount of power and control the speaker feels; it is how the message is communicated
Electronically Mediated Communication (EMC)
communication that is not face to face, but rather sent via cell phone or the internet
Asynchronously
Message is not read, heard, or seen at the same time it is sent
Synchronous
Messages that are sent and received instantly and simultaneously
Self-Concept
personal, self-description of who you think you are
Self
A person's inner force
Attitude
learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way. Likes-dislikes
Beliefs
Conceptions of what is true and what is false
Values
Enduring concepts of good and bad, right from wrong
Subjective Self-Awaeness
Ability to differentiate self from social and physical enviroment
Objective Self-Awareness
Object to ones own thoughts and attention
Symbolic Self-Awareness
Ability to use language (symbols) to represent ourselves to others
Material Self
total of all the tangible things you own, including your body
Social Self
Part of you that interacts with others
Spiritual Self
all you internal thoughts and analysis about your values and moral standards
Looking Glass
seeing ourselves in a figurative looking glass when we interact with others
Self-Concept vs Self-esteem
description of who you are vs evaluation of who you are
Johari Window
Perception
experiencing the world, and then making sense of what you experience
Interpersonal perception
You decide what people are like and give meaning to their actions
Stage of Perception
Stage one: Selecting
Stage two: Organizing
Stage three: Interpreting
Passive Perception
occurs simply because your senses are in operation
Active Perception
specific information is sought out through intentional observation and questioning
Impression Formation Theory
formed through noticing physical qualities and behavior, information people disclose about themselves, and information that the third parties tell us
Barriers of Perception
Ignoring information, focusing on the negative, blaming, stereotyping, avoiding responsibility, imposing consistency
Improving Perception Skills
Be aware of your personal perception barriers, be mindful of the behaviors that create meaning for you, link details with the big picture, check your perceptions, be other oriented
Gender
refers to psychological and emotional characteristic that cause people to assume masculine, feminine, or androgynous roles
Race
based on the genetically transmitted physical characteristics of a group of people who are classified together
Ethnicity
Social classification based on a variety of factors that are shared by a group of people who also share a common geographic origin
Ways to identify class distinctions
Way of life, family, job, money, and education
Culture
Learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values and norms that is shared by a group of people
Co-Culture
a distinct culture within a larger culture
Enculturation
The process of communicating a group's culture from generation to generation
Individualistic Culture
value individual achievement and personal accomplishment
Collectivistic Culture
value group and team achievement
Cultural Context
Implies that information is not explicitly communicated through language but through environmental and nonverbal cues
High Culture
derive much information form nonverbal cues
Low Culture
derive much information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal or contextual cues
Masculine cultures
value achievement, assertiveness, heroism, and material wealth
Feminine Culture
value caring for the less fortunate, being sensitive toward others, and overall quality of life
Intercultural Communication
Involves communication between or among people who have different cultures
Culture Shock
Sense of confusion, anxiety, stress, and loss when you encounter a culture that has little in common with your own
Ethnocentrism
Stems from a conviction that your own cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to those of others
Listening Defined
a complex process of selecting, attending to, creating meaning from, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages, while hearing is the physiological process of decoding sounds
Selecting
Choosing one sound as you sort through the various sounds competing for your attention
Attending
Focusing on the sound you select
Understanding
Assigning meaning to sounds you select and to which you attend
Remembering
recalling information
Responding
Conforming your understanding of a message
Relational Listening Style
tend to prefer listening to people feelings and emotions.
Analytical Listening Style
focus on facts and tend to withhold judgment before reaching a specific conclusion
Critical Listening Style
Good at evaluating information they hear. Spot inconsistencies, and second guessing
Task-Oriented Listening Style
interested in focusing more on achieving specific outcome or accomplishing a task tan focusing on the communication relationship when they listen to others and emphasize completing a specific transaction, such as solving a problem, taking action, or making a purchase
Self-Absorbed
causes us to focus on our own needs rather than the needs of others
Unchecked emotions
emotional noise occurs when emotional arousal interes with communications effectiveness
Meta-message
the message about the mesage
How to improve listening skills
Stop, look,listen, determine you listening goal, transform listenign barriers into listening goals, mentally summarize the details of the message, practice listening to challenging material
How to improve accurate responding skills
Ask appropriate questions, accurately paraphrase, provide well timed responses, appropriately adapt your responses
Direct Acknowledgment
When you respond directly to someting another person says and acknowledges the person is worth responding to
Agreement About Judgements
Conforms someone's evaluation of something and affirms that person's sense of taste and judgement
Supportive Response
Offer's reassurance and understanding and confirms a persons right to his or her feelings
Clarifying Response
Seeks greater understanding of another's message and confirms that he or she is worth your time and trouble
Compliment
Confirms our sense of worth
Impervious Responses
Fail to acknowledge a statement or attempt to communicate and can make the other person feel a sense of awkwardness or embarrassment
Interrupting Responses
Imply that what you have to say is more important than what the other person's has to say
Incongruous Responses
are when the verbal message is inconsistent with nonverbal behavior