Semantic Rules
Reflect the ways in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol, usually a word.
Equivocal Language
Consists of statements that have more than one commonly accepted definition.
Relative Words
Gain their meaning by comparison. Example is large and small, fast and slow.
Static Evaluation
Is an incorrect belief that people are consistent and unchanging.
Abstract Language
Is vague in nature. Not specific
Behavioral Language
Refers to specific things that people say or do.
Syntactic Rules
Govern the grammar of a language
Convergence
The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others.
Divergence
Speaking in a way that emphasizes their differences from others.
Hedges
Example of powerless language. I THINK we should, I GUESS I'd like to
Hesitations
Example of powerless language. UH, can I have a minute of your time?, WELL, we could try this idea
Intensifiers
Example of powerless language. I'm REALLY glad to see you. I'm not VERY hungry.
Polite Forms
Example of powerless language. Excuse me, SIR.
Tag Questions
Example of powerless language. It's about time we got started, ISN'T IT?
DON'T YOU THINK we should give it another try?
Disclaimers
Is a type of powerless speech that attmepts to distance a speaker from remarks that might be unwelcome. I PROBABLY SHOULDN'T SAY THIS, BUT. I'M NOT REALLY SURE, BUT...
Fact-Opinion Confusion
Presenting your opinions as if they were facts. Example, YOU FORGOT MY BIRTHDAY (FACT). YOU DON'T CARE ABOUT ME.(OPINION)
Fact-Inference Confusion
confusing factual statements with inferential statements, conclusions arrived from an interpretation of evidence. Arguments often result when we label our inferences as facts.
Emotive Language
Seems to describe something but actually announces the speaker's attitude toward it.
Language of Responsibility
It statements avoid responsibility for ownership of a message, attributing it instead to some unidentified source. But statements are confusing, the word but cancels the thought that precedes it. I language is responsible and you language is expresses a j
Repeating
non verbal function. People remember comments accompanied by gestures more than those made with words alone.
Complementing
non verbal function. Saying something like "Thank You " with a sincere facial expression and tone of voice.
Substituting
non verbal function. Faced with a message you find disagreeable, you might sigh, roll your eyes, or yawn when speaking out would not be appropriate.
Accenting
non verbal function. pointing an accusing finger adds emphasis to criticism. Then adding words with the voice "It was YOUR idea.
Regulating
non verbal function. by nodding, indicating I understand or looking away signaling a lack of attention.
Contradicting
non verbal function. Messengers face or body language reads one way while they say something different.
Leakage
non verbal deception clue. Inadvertant signals of deception. Pupil dilation, speech patterns. Liars leak nonverbal cues of deception in some situations more than others.
Types of Nonverbal communication
Body orientation, posture, gestures, face and eyes, voice, touch, appearance, physical space, physical environment, and time.
Body Orientation
the degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head.
Gestures
Movement of the hands and arms.
Three types of gestures
illustrators, emblems and adaptors. Illustrators are movements that are accompanied by speech. Emblems are non verbal behaviors that have a precise meaning known to everyone. Adaptors are unconscious bodily movements in response to the environment.
Voice - Paralanguage
The way a message is spoken.
Listening
To attend to. Is a process of 3 things.
Receiving, assigning meaning to (decoding), responding to verbal and non verbal messages
Elements in the Listening Process
Hearing, attending, understanding, responding, remembering
Pseudolistening
type of ineffective listening. Gives the appearance of being attentive. Their minds are elsewhere.
Stage-Hogging
Turn the topic of conversation to themselves instead of showing interest in the speaker.
Selective Listening
Respond only to the parts of your remarks that interest them, rejecting everything else.
Insulated Listening
Instead of looking for specific information, these people avoid it. They rather not deal with it.
Defensive Listening
Take other remarks as personal attacks.
Ambushing
they listen carefully to you but only because they are collecting information they will use to attack you.
Insensitive Listening
Respond to the superficial content in the message but miss the more important emotional information that may not be expressed directly.
Message overload
when you are bombarded with information.
Preoccupation
wrapped up in personal concerns that seem more important than the message the others are sending.
Rapid Thought
Mental spare time while someone is talking. daydreaming
Effort
heart rate quickens, respiration increases, and body temperature rises.
External noise
outside distraction
Faulty Assumptions
when you assume that a speaker's thoughts are too simple or too obvious to deserve careful attention when in fact they do.
Lack of Apparent Advantages
Cutting people off when they are speaking
Lack of Training
Listening is a skill
Hearing problems
a persons listening ability suffers from a physiological hearing problem.
Prompting
involves using silences and brief statements of encouragement to draw others out.
Questioning
has been called the most popular piece of language. Asking for information can help both the person doing the asking and the one providing answers. Sincere questions are aimed at understanding. Counterfeit questions are aimed at sending a message, not rec
Paraphrasing
statements that reword the listener's interpretation of a message
Supporting
Reveals a listener's solidarity with the speaker's situation.
Analyzing
the listener offers an interpretation of a speaker's message. Example is " I think what's really bothering you is...
Advising
to help by offering a solution.
Judging
evaluates the sender's thoughts or behaviors in some way.
Key to being an effective listener
demonstrate understanding. Sometimes it can be a non verbal, clarifying questions, paraphrasing, reflection, content, emotions, and questions.
Descriptive vs Judgemental/Inference Language
Descriptive is specific and Judgemental/Inference is subjective