Communication
the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of [understanding] stimulating particular meanings in the minds of others
Understanding
stimulating particular meanings in the minds of others
What statement is true of communication?
Unsuccessful communication results in misunderstanding of your intent
What best describes the purpose of communication?
To solve problems, make decisions and manage relationships with others.
What are the four primary challenges of communication?
1. Effective communication requires significant intellectual and psychological resources.
2. Not everyone we encounter will appreciate the value of communication.
3. We may over-rely on digitally mediated communication.
4. We live in a diverse world where
T/F: Successful communication requires trying to understand and predict the needs/responses of interviewers.
True
T/F: Successful communication requires ONLY intellect to respond to messages that are received.
False.
As you interact with others, you use your intellect, emotions, and your assessment of others' needs and motivations to create and exchange, make sense of, and respond to messages.
T/F: It is more important to focus on the message one is trying to convey regardless of the responses/feedback that one may get from interviewers.
False
During communication, we must be aware of and responsive to the feedback we receive from others to assess whether our approach is creating the meanings we intend in the minds of other communicators.
T/F: In communication, we should pause and reflect after every interaction.
True
T/F: Users of today's communication technologies may be more susceptible to burnout.
True
T/F: With access to technology that allows us to communicate with anyone, anywhere, at any time, we have become better all-around communicators.
False. we suck
Intercultural Communication
communication between and among people and groups across national, ethnic, and other cultural boundaries.
What are the 3 basic components of the Linear Model of Communication?
the sender, the receiver, and the message
What are the 5 phases of the Linear Model of Communication?
Phase 1: Deciding on the message
Phase 2: Encoding the message
Phase 3: Transmitting the message
Phase 4: Perceiving the message
Phase 5: Decoding and assigning meaning to the message.
Encoding
a psychological process in which the sender of a message assigns symbols, such as words, sounds, or gestures, to his or her thoughts and feelings
Channel
the medium that carries the message, such as email, telephone, face-to-face communication, or a written document
Decoding
When a receiver assigns meaning to the message that has been communicated
Noise
any auditory, visual, or psychological distraction that interferes with the sending and receiving of messages
Phase 1: Deciding on the Message
sender selects the ideas he or she wants to convey to the receiver
Phase 2: Encoding the Message
sender translates the message by assigning his or her thoughts and feelings to words, sounds, and/or gestures
Phase 3: Transmitting the Message
the act of delivering the message through speech, writing, or other channel
Phase 4: Perceiving the Message
receiver detects that information is being communicated and classifies it based on his or her own knowledge and experiences
Phase 5: Decoding the Message
receiver assigns meaning to the words, sounds, and/or gestures being communicated
Feedback
the verbal or nonverbal message that a receiver provides to the sender as he or she perceives and assigns meaning to the sender's message
Transactional Model
-feedback, along with consideration of the factors that make accurate decoding of messages difficult, transforms the linear model into the transactional model
-more detailed, realistic model of communication illustrates how the sender and the receiver dev
Context
the environment and situation in which communication occurs
Rules
guidelines that people are expected to follow
Roles
the expectations on a person in a particular setting
What are the fundamental elements of Communication Competence?
1. appropriateness
2. communicational skills
3. motivation
What are the 3 stages of assigning meaning to messages?
1. selection
2. organization
3. interpretation
Four Principles of Selection
1. selective exposure
2. selective attention
3. selective perception
4. selective recall
Selective Exposure
we will attend to information that reinforces existing beliefs and disregard information that is at odds with our current position.
Selective Attention
illustrates how, once we are engaged in a particular interaction, we focus on certain information and ignore other information
Selective Perception
our inclination to see, hear, and believe what we want to see, hear, and believe
Selective Recall
we remember things that we agree with rather than things that are contrary to our beliefs.
Organization
a communicator's efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of the information
Figure
the foreground or point of emphasis for your attention
Ground
background of the particular stimuli that capture your focused attention
Closure
our ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception.
What factors influence how people perceive their world?
-biological factors
-past experiences (family, education, relationships)
-identity
-current internal states
Self-concept
-the SUMMATION of who you are
-the way you define yourself
-In developing a self-concept, we look to the groups we are a part of, the roles we play, the relationships and experiences we have (and have had), and our interpretation of how others evaluate us
Self-esteem
-the EVALUATION of who you are
-the degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself
Stereotyping
involves assuming a standard, generalized profile of an individual, because he or she belongs to a group
Attribution Errors
in interpreting our own or others' behavior, we rely on faulty explanations, reasons, or information
-fundamental attribution error
-self-serving bias
Fundamental Attribution Error
the mistake we make when we attribute other people's positive characteristics and successes to external, situational factors, and their negative characteristics and failures to aspects of who they are
Locus of Causation
whether the communicator's behavior was motivated by an internal state (such as intelligence, compassion, or honesty) or an external factor (such as resources, luck, favoritism, or the situation)
Self-Serving Bias
When we are successful, we attribute our successes to some internal positive qualities�intelligence, charm, knowledge of current events or popular culture, persuasiveness, or competent communication. However, when we fail, we blame the situation.
Self-presentation
strategic development and use of verbal and nonverbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are
Impression Management
the deliberate use of verbal and nonverbal messages to create a particular impression among others
4-Step Plan for Effective Self-presentation
1. Set a goal.
2. Create a strategy.
3. Execute the strategy and evaluate the results.
4. Modify negative perceptions.
Culture
complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
What statement best describes culture?
Culture is a set of learned or shared behaviors, values, or practices associated with a community of people.