According to the definition given in your book, which of the following situations would be classified as interpersonal communication?
You and your roommate are discussing a movie you just watched.
Marsha and Karen have been friends since grade school. They both deeply value one another's opinions, and they both play an important role in one another's life. This example best illustrates what aspect of interpersonal communication?
Mutual influence
Mattie and Nancy first met each other on the job. Since they saw each other every day and worked together, they became friends. This situation best describes a relationship of ______________.
Circumstance
According to Altman and Taylor's model of self-disclosure, communication between partners at the intimate level is _________________.
Both broad and deep
The ____________ quadrant in the Johari Window represents information that is known by self but is not revealed to others.
hidden
Laura has just started a new job and is feeling somewhat anxious. She can reduce her uncertainty by which passive method?
Observing her surroundings and how people interact on the job
Samir notices Anna in his public speaking class and asks a mutual friend about her. This example would characterize which stage in relational escalation?
Pre-interaction awareness
Dan and Donna begin self-disclosing information about their dreams for the future, values, and religious beliefs, but they still spend a limited amount of time with one another. They are moving into which stage of relational escalation?
Intensification
Jose cringed as he thought about going home after work. Lately, he and Cassandra spend every minute together fighting. He used to thing the way she played with her food was cute; now he finds it annoying. What stage of relational de-escalation are Jose an
Turmoil
When a struggle occurs between two people due to unmet needs, this is called a(n)
conflict
When you are attempting to get your relational partners to recognize why you are upset, you are engaging in which stages of the PUGSS model of conflict management?
Achieve Understanding
You have been sick and finally figured out that you have Mono. You have been missing classes, and now, you are failing because of your absences and missing assignments. You tell your instructor that you want to at least make up some of the missing work, b
Identify Goals
You are frustrated with your roommate, because (s)he hasn't been picking up around your apartment. When you tell your roommate about your feelings, you talk about some options or ideas for keeping the house clean. Your roommate suggests having one day eac
Brainstorm Solutions
Often, during conflict you will hear people say things such as, "What's the big deal?" or "I don't get why you are so upset!" When you hear those phrases, which stage of the PUGSS model of conflict management have you not achieved?
Achieve Understanding
The PUGSS model of conflict management is considered to be a(n) _________ approach, because it views conflict as a problem to be solved rather than a competition to be won.
cooperative
According to your book, the most central element in all aspects of preparing your speech is ________.
considering your audience
Yolanda was looking forward to giving her informative speech because she liked her topic--her hometown. However, when she gave the speech the audience seemed disinterested; she couldn't understand why she got such negative audience feedback. Given this in
She was speaker-centered rather than audience-centered in her topic selection.
Grace knew her speech--backward and forward. She rehearsed it over and over again, timing it to make sure she didn't run over the time limit. When she actually delivered the speech, she found herself much less nervous and much more confident than she expe
Be prepared
Rey presented an informative speech on earthquakes. He described the structural causes of earthquakes, how they develop, which areas of the earth are prone to quakes, how quakes are measured, the damage they do, and what to do when one hits. The speech be
Failing to narrow his topic
What the listeners should know or be able to do at the end of your speech is the ___________ purpose.
specific
Satoshi gave a speech explaining three types of Japanese writing. Satoshi's general purpose was to ________ his audience.
inform
Tiffany presented an informative speech on the cognitive theory of stimulation. What type of informative speech was this?
A speech about an idea
Cullen is preparing a speech about his visit to the Empire State Building. The type of informative speech he is preparing is a presentation about_______.
an object
Masayuki gave a speech on ways the high context values are reflected in the Japanese culture. His three main points were the language, the gift-giving customs, and the visual arts. Which pattern did he use to organize his speech?
Topical
Comedians generally speak to get members of their audience to smile, laugh, and generally enjoy themselves. The general purpose of this type of presentation would be to _________ .
entertain
What type of organizational pattern is reflected in these main points?
I. As a young child, J.R.R. Tolkien and his young cousins invented a language called Nebosh.
II. As a college student, J.R.R. Tolkien invented several languages influenced by Welsh and
Chronological
If you want to inform an audience about three equally "risky" behaviors related to contracting HIV, which organizational pattern would work best?
Topical
Janine organized her three statistics on organ transplants according to their significance. She saved her "clincher" point about how easy it is to indicate your willingness to donate by signing the back of your driver's license for the last point before h
Recency Effect
Stephen was planning a speech on the environmental impact of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens. He planned to organize his speech by starting at the area immediately around the cone, move to a discussion of the areas directly east of the mountain, then move
Spatial
A speech that discusses the low percentage of voters turning out for the past local election and then moves on to suggest the possibility of Internet voting is using the organizational pattern of
problem-solution
Which method of delivery is a speaker using when he or she writes out their speech word for word and delivers it from that text?
Manuscript
A few minutes remain in the class period. The teacher assigns a student to stand before the class and give a brief speech on effective study habits. What method of delivery is used in this situation?
Impromptu
According to your book, the delivery style that is appropriate to most circumstances is ________.
Extemporaneous
Instead of simply saying, "The dog slept on the chair," Emily said, "The lethargic dachshund snoozed contentedly on the overstuffed armchair." This best illustrates what principle of effective verbal delivery?
Use vivid words
5 Principles of Effective Communication
-Be aware of your communication
-Effectively use and interpret verbal messages
-Effectively use and interpret verbal messages
-Listen and respond thoughtfully to others
-Appropriately adapt your message to your audience
Relationships of Circumstance
forms situationally, life overlaps in some way (family, school, work)
Relationships of Choice
sought out and intentionally developed
Interpersonal Attraction
degree to which one desires to form or maintain an interpersonal relationship
Physical and sexual attraction
Physical: degree of physical appeal
Sexual: desire to have sexual contact with that person
Matching hypothesis
Theory that one tends to seek out individuals who represent the same level of physical attraction as oneself
similarity
degree to which ones characteristics, values, attitudes, etc... are like those of the other
Proximity
Likelihood of being attracted to people to people who are physically
Complementarity
degree to which another persons different abilities, interests, and needs balance out or round to ones own
Uncertainty Reduction Strategies
driving human motivation to increase predictability by decreasing the unknown
Passive
a non communicative strategy for decreasing uncertainty by observing others and situations
Active
a communicative strategy for decreasing uncertainty by getting information from a third party
Interactive
a strategy of communicating directly with the source who has the greatest potential to reduce ones uncertainty
Properties of self-disclosure
voluntarily provide information to others that they would not know unless we told them
Reciprocity
sharing info about ones self with another person with the expectation that they will also share info of the same depth
Appropriateness
appropriate to which stage of the relationship your in-too personal
Risk
knowledge os power- giving that other person power over you - vulnerability
The Social Penetration model
asserts both breasts and depth of info shared with another person as relationship develops
Breath
the variety of topics discussed
depth
personal significance of what is discussed intimacy layers
Johari Window
Explains how self-disclosure varies from relationship to relationship
Open
known to self and others
Blind
not know to send and know to others
Hidden
Known to self and not others
Unknown
not known to self, not known to others
Relational Escalation/De-escalation Model
Interpersonal communication facilitates movement btw the various stages
Pre-awareness
becoming aware of ones attraction to another person and observing that person
Initiation
the first contact with a person with who one desires a relationship with - usually characterized by asking and answering questions
Exploration
more in-depth interactions
Intensification
partners begin to depend on each other for self-confirmation (intimate contact/time spent together)
Intimacy
partners provide primary confirmation of each others self-concept
Stages of De-escalation
turmoil, stagnation, de-intersification, individualization, separation, post-interaction
turmoil
increased conflict, less mutual acceptance, tense climate and unclear relationship definition
Stagnation
relationship loses it's vitality, less communication and physical contact
De-intensification
significantly decrease interrelation, increase distance, decrease dependence on ones partner for self confirmation
Individualization
partners define their lives more as individuals and less as a couple
separation
individuals make an intentional decision to minimize or eliminate contact
Post-ineraction
final stage - lasting effect of the relationship
Communication with an Ex
#NAME?
On-again/Off-again relationships
repeated breakups and reconciliations
Postdissolutional relationship
relationship formed btw dating partners after their romance terminates
The Dialectical Perspective
views interpersonal relationships as constantly changing rather than stable
Integration-separation
autonomy vs connection
Stability-change
predictability vs novelty
expression-privacy
opens vs closeness
Three Categories of Conflict
-Pseudoconflict
-Simple Conflict
-Ego Conflict
Pseudoconflict
conflict stemming from lack of understanding
Simple Conflict
conflict over difference in ideas, definitions, perceptions, or goals
Ego Conflict
argumentative episodes focused on the same issues that occurs at least twice
properties of conflict
-power
-assertive communication
-aggressive communication
Power
ability to influence another in the direction one desires (getting someone to do what you want)
Assertive Communication
Taes a listeners feelings and righties into account
Aggressive Communication
self-serving communication that does not take a listener's feelings and rights into account
The audience-centered model of the public speaking process
considers and adapts to the audience at every stage
Steps to developing a speech
-selecting and narrowing topic
-identify your purpose
-general purpose
-inform
Selecting a Narrowing Topic
based on audience, occasion, interests and experiences- "brain storming ideas
Identify your purpose
to persuade, inform, entertain
General Purpose
broad reason for giving a speech
Inform
define, describe, or explain a thing, person, place, concept, or process
persuade
to change or reinforce audience member's ideas
-urge them to do something
enterain
to amuse an audience
Specific Purpose
what you want audience to do/understand after speech
Develop your Central Idea
definitive point about topic
Audience-centered idea
appropriate vs inappropriate depending on audience
Single Topic
central idea should reflect single topic
Complete declarative Sentence
Complete sentence that makes a statement as opposed to asking a question
Direct, specific language
vague vs specific
Generate main ideas
subdivisions of the central idea of speech
-provides detailed points of focus
Gather Supporting Materials
verbal or visual material that clarifies and provides evidence to support main idea
Types of supporting material
Illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, statistics, opinions
Illustrations
a story or anecdote that provides an example
Descriptions
a word picture
Explanations
statement that clarifies how something is done or why it exists
Definitions
statement of what something means
Analogies
comparison btw 2 ideas, things, or situations that demonstrates similarity
Statistics
numerical data that summarized examples
Opinions
citations, quotes
Determine what should be acknowledged
direct quotes, opinions, statistics, and noncriminal visual materials
understand plagiarism and its consequences
presentation of someone else's words or ideas without acknowledging the source
Acknowledging in oral citations
the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and public date
organizing your main ideas
-topically
-chronologically
-spatially
-cause-effect
-problem-solution
Topically
organization determined by the speakers discretion or recency, primacy, complexity
recency
arrangement of ideas from least important to most important
primacy
arrangement of ideas from most important to least important
complexity
arranging ideas from simple to more complex
chronologically
organization by time or sequence
spatially
organization according to location, position, or direction
cause-effect
ordination by discussing a situation and it's cause/effect
problem-solution
organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions
organizing you supporting material
-chronological
-recency
-primacy
-specificity
-soft to hard evidence
Specificity
specific to general
soft to hard evidence
hypothetical illustrations and opinions to facts and statistics
signposting
a verbal or nonverbal organizational signal
Previews
a statement of what is to come
Initial Preview
First statement of the main ideas of a speech
Internal Preview
a preview with in there speech that introduces ideas still to come
Transitions
A word, phrase, or nonverbal cue that indicates movement from one idea to the next
verbal
a word or phrase that indicates the relationship btw two ideas
nonverbal
a facial expression, vocal cure, or physical movement
summaries
recap of whats been said
Final Summary
recap of all the main points of the speech
Introduction
opening lines of speech
Get the audience's attention
open with an illustration, rhetorical question, personal experience
Introduce the topic
audience should know what your topic is
Give the audience a reason to listen
motivate audience to continue listening
Establish your credibility
believable, competent, trustworthy
State central idea
appear at or near end of introduction
Preview main ideas
will allow listeners to anticipate what to listen to
Conclusion
closing lines of a speech
summarize the speech
last chance to repeat main ideas
reemphasize the central idea
word your thoughts so your audience will remember them
motivate the audience to respond
what do you want your audience to gain from this
Provide closure
The sense that a speech is finished
Effective verbal delivery
using and understanding words and structure to effectively give a speech
Specific, concrete words
words that refer to an individual member or an object(detailed)
Unbiased(objective)
does not stereotype, discriminate, or insult a group or person
vivid words
colorful words
simple words
known to most people who speak the language
correct words
a word that means what the speaker intends
-grammatically correct
objects
anything tangible- can see or touch
Procedures
discusses how something works/process
People
biographical - key elements in a persons life
Events
major event
Ideas
More abstract (evolution, animal rights)
Simplify ideas
simple ideas, greater change your audience will understand
Pace your flow of information
arrange material so you have an even flow of information
Relate new information to old
building on what you already know
Strategies for making your informative speech interesting
-relate to your listener's interests
-use attention-getting supporting material
-establish a motive for your audience to listen
-use word pictures
-create interesting presentational aids
-use humor
Relate to your listener's interests
establish common bonds with listeners
Use attention-getting supporting material
capture and keep your audience's attention
Establish a motive for your audience to listen
question, engage, and relate
Use word pictures
5 senses, vivid description that invites listeners to draw on their senses
Create interesting presentational aids
can maintain audience interest and increase retention
Use humor
appropriate, makes a point, poke fun at self
build in redundancy
tell them what you're going to tell them, tell them what you've told the relevant info