The linear model/transmission model of communication
Sees communication as action
Message transfer
Sender talk - receiver listens
Mostly concerned with telephone communication
Noise = disturbance, not intended.
Semantic noise - linguistic (slang)
Physical/external noise - bodily influences (car noise)
Psych
The interaction model of communication
Sees communication as interaction
Message exchange
Changing roles as sender and receiver
Feedback = receivers way of indicating understanding.
Field of experience = Overlaps with sender and receiver. Fx culture
The transactional model of communication
Sees communication as transaction
Message creation
No sender or receiver. You are both at the same time.
Communication as an ongoing process
Communicators negotiate meaning.
The rhetorical tradition
Talk as a practical act
The oldest tradition
Logos (logic), ethos (credibility) and pathos (emotions)
The semiotic tradition
Rethink what is natural
Study of signs - verbal/non-verbal
Words have no meaning in themselves it depends context
The phenomenological tradition
Experiencing otherness
From the beginning of the 20th century
A personal interpretation of everyday life and activities
Tries to make sense of what we don't understand
Shared meaning through dialogue and being aware of the otherness
The cybernetic tradition
Information-processing
After WWII
Looks at message meaning and the unpredictability of the feedback
Newer version - organic, things happen at the same time
Older version - more straight forward. Thinking like machines. Input and output models
The socio-psychological tradition
Casual linking
After WWII
A psychological perspective
Build on a cause-effect model
The socio-cultural tradition
From another's view
After WWII
A sociological perspective
Individuals are parts of a group with its own rules and norms
Study of everyday life fx politeness
The critical tradition
Advocating fairness
From 1960s
Focus on injustice, decision making, power etc.
Intrapersonal context
Communicaton with oneself
"looking in the mirror
Interpersonal context
Face-to face communication
Remember the role of media (phone, messages, facebook)
Small group context
Communication with a group of people
Discuss: When is a group a group?
Organizational context
Communication within and among large and extended eviroments.
Groups within groups: Different hierarchy
Public/rhetorical context
Communication to a large group/audience
Mass/media context
Communication to large audience through media
Discuss: Can we have non mediated communication?
Cultural context
Communication in/between different cultures
Positivistic or empirical approach
Seeks to contruct general laws
Mostly seen in natural sciences
Objective
Interpretive approach
Interested in rich descriptions
Complete objectivity is impossible
Researcher should be aware of their own values and state the clearly for the reader
Critical approach
Seek to change status quo to resolve power imbalances
Believe that those in power shape knowledge
Researchers are involved
Ontology
The study of reality
What is real and what isn't?
Epistemology
The study of knowing
How do we know this?
Axiology
Study of values
How should values permate thoery?