communication
The process by which people use signs symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning.
Relational Needs
The essential elements people seek in their relationships with others.
Instrumental needs
practical, everyday needs.
Model
A formal description of a process.
Action Model
A model describing a communication as a one-way process.
source
The originator of a thought or an idea.
encode
to put an idea onto language or gesture.
channel
a pathway through which messages are conveyed.
receiver
the party who interprets a message.
decode
to interpret or give meaning to a message.
noise
anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message.
interaction mdoel
a model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context.
feedback
verbal and nonverbal responses to a message.
context
the physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs.
transaction model
A model describing communication as a one way process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver.
channel-rich contexts
communication environments involving many channels at once.
channel-lean contexts
communication environments involving few channels at once.
content dimension
literal information that is communicated by a message.
symbol
a representation of an idea.
relational dimension
signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated.
metacommunication
communication about communication.
explicit rules
rules that have been clearly articulated.
implicit rules
rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood.
intrapersonal communication
communication with oneself.
interpersonal communication
communication that occurs between two people in the context of their relationships.
small group communication
communication occurring within small groups of three or more people.(3-20)
public communication
communication directed at an audience that is larger than a small group.
mass communication
communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media.
communication competence
communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation.
Self-Monitoring
Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others.
empathy
the ability to think and feels as others do.
cognitive comlexity
the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways.
ethics
principles that guide judgements about whether something is morally right or wrong.
Perception
The process of making meaning from environmental experiences.
interpersonal perception
which helps us to make meaning about people from our own and others behaviors.
selection
the process of paying attention to a certain stimulus.
organization
the process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention.
perceptual schema
A mental frame-work for organizing information.(classify)
interpretation
the process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.
stereotype
A generalization about a group or category of people that is applied to individual members of that group.
primacy effect
the tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception.
recency effect
the tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception
Perceptual set
A person's predisposition to perceive only what he or she wants or expects to perceive.
attribution
an explanation for an observed behavior.
self-serving bias
the tendency to attribute one's success to stable internal causes and one's failures to unstable external causes.
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute other's behaviors to internal rather than external causes.
self-concept
the set of perceptions a person has about who he or she is; also know as identity.
identity
the set of perceptions a person has about who he or she is; also known as self-concept.
Johari Window
A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
An expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true.
Self-Esteem
One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person
image
the way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others.
image management
the process of projecting one's desired public image.
life story
a way of presenting oneself to others that is based on one's self-concept but it is also influenced by other people.
face
a persons desired public image.
facework
the behaviors people use to establish and maintain their desired public image with others.
faceneeds
important components of one's desired public image.
fellowship face
the need to be like and accepted by others.
autonomy face
the need to avoid being imposed upon by others
competence face
the need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent.
face-threatening act
any behavior that threatens one or more face needs.
Language
A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.
denotative meaning
the literal meaning of a word.
connotative meaning
the ideas or concepts a word suggest in addition to its literal definition.
loaded language
words with strongly positive or negative connotations.