culture
the system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
property
culture is a ____________
society
a group of people who share symbols, language, values, and norms
in-group
a group of people with whom one identifies
out-group
a group of people with whom one does not identify
culture shock
the jarring reaction we have when we find ourselves in highly unfamiliar situations
ethocentrism
describe the systematic preference for characteristic of one's own culture
the in-group/out-group distinction
What is a major reason why so many nations struggle with the issue of immigration?
ethnicity
an individual's perception of his or her ancestry or heritage
nationality
an individual's status as a citizen of a particular country
enculturation
culture that is learned
resourced or constrained
Everything we know is either _________ or ____________
symbols, language, values, and norms
What are the four components of culture?
symbol
something that represents an idea
Queens, New York
More languages are spoken in what city?
English, Spanish, and Chinese
the three most commonly spoken language in the world?
norms
rules or expectations that guide people's behavior in a culture
equal opportunity, material comfort, practicality & efficiency, achievement, democracy, free enterprise, and individual choice
U,S. culture values ideals such as?
co-culture
groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship
similarly assumption
we presume that most people think the same way we do without asking ourselves whether that true
Gerrt Hofstede and Edward Hall
pioneered the study of cultures and cultural differences and suggested that there are seven cultural differences in particular that influence how people interact with one another
individualism and collectivism, low and high context cultures, low and high power distance cultures, masculine and feminine cultures, monochronic and polychronic cultures, uncertainty avoidance, and cultural communication codes
What are the seven cultural differences in particular that influence how people interact with one another?
individualistic culture
a culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself. People believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves
U.S., Canada, Britain, and Australia
The world's most individualistic societies include:
collective culture
a culture that places gender emphasis on loyalty to the family, workplace, or community than on the needs of the individual. Their primary responsibility is to their families, communities, and employers
Korea, Japan, and many countries in Africa and Latin America
What are some examples of collective cultures?
low context culture
A culture in which verbal communication is experienced to be explicit and is often interpreted literally
U.S., Canada, Israel, and most northern European countries
Examples of a low context culture society
high context culture
a culture in which verbal communication is often ambiguous and meaning is drawn from contextual cues, such as facial expression and tone of voice
high context culture
value harmony and avoiding offending people are more important than expressing one's true feelings
Korea, the Maori of New Zealand, and Native American
Examples of high context society
lower power distance culture
a culture in which power is not highly concentrated in specific groups of people. They believe in value of equality that all men and women are created equal and then no one person or group should have excessive power
United States, Canada, Denmark, and Austria
The lower power distance culture countries are:
low power distance cultures
People in _______________ are raised to believe that even though some individuals are born with more advantages no one is inherently better than anyone else
high power distance culture
a culture in which much or most of the power is concentrated in a few people such as royalty or a ruling political party
mexico, brazil, india, signapore, phillipines
People in high power distance cultures taught that certain people or groups deserve to have more power than others and that respecting power is more important than respecting equality and countries that fall under this category are:
highly masculine cultures
people tend to cherish traditionally masculine values. They also have sex specific roles for women and men
austria, japan, and mexico
Highly masculine cultures countries are:
highly feminine culture
people tend to value nurturance, quality of life, and service to others. They tend to believe that mean's and women's roles should not be strongly differentiated
chile, netherlands, and sweden
Countries that fall under this specific category are:
monochronic
a concept that treats time as a finite commodity that can be earned, saved, spent, and wasted
polychronic
a concept that treats time as an infinite resource rather than a finite commodity
monochronic cultures
People in ____________ think of time as valuable, they hate to waste it.
Swiss, Germans, and most Americans
Countries that are mono chronic are:
polychronic cultures
people in _______________ see time as more holistic and fluid and less structured
Latin America, The Arab, part of Middle East, and Sub0Saharan Africa
Societies that fall under the polychronic culture
uncertainty avoidance
the degree to which people try to avoid situations situations that are unstructured unclear or unpredictable
argentina, portugal, uruguay
highly uncertainty cultures countries include:
hong kong, jamaica, and new zealand
people in uncertainty accepting cultures
communication codes
verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as idioms and gestures that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other cultures
idioms, jargons, and gestures
What are the three kinds of communication codes?
idioms
a phrase whose meaning is purely figurative
jargon
a specific form of idiomatic communication. A language whose technical meaning is understood by people within that co-culture but not necessarily by those outside of it
gestures
movements of the hands or the arms that express ideas
role
a set of behaviors expected of someone in a parituclar social position
gender roles
a set of expectations for appropriate behavior that a culture typically assigns to an individual based on his or her biological sex
masculinity
a gender role typically assigned to men, that emphasizes strength, dominance, competition, and logical thinking. Emphasizes strength, competition, independence
femininity
a gender role typically assigned to women that emphasizes expressive nurturing behavior. Emphasizes empathy, emotional expressiveness
adrogyny
a gender role distinguished by a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
metrosexual
a man usually who is hetereosexual who has adopted the more feminine behavior of paying a great deal of attention to his appearance and grooming and who this exemplifies an androgynous person
biological sex
refers to being female or male rather than feminine or masculine
sexual orientation
a characteristic determining the sex or sexes to which someone is sexually attracted
hetereosexuality
a sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of the other sex
homosexuality
a sexual orientation characterized by sexual interest in members of one's own sex
bisexuality
a sexual orientation characterized by a sexual interest in both women and men
asexuality
a sexual orientation characterized by a general lack of interest in sex
expressive and instrumental talk, language and power, and gendered linguistic styles
What are the three gender effects?
expressive talk
verbal communication whose purpose is to express emotions and build relationships
instrumental talk
verbal communication whose purpose is to solve problem and accomplish talk
powerful speech behaviors
include talking more, interrupting less frequently, giving more directions, and expressing more opinions. Used by superiors
less powerful speech behaviors
used by subordinates, includes asking more questions, using more hedges, and disclaimers and speaking less overall
linguistic violence
language that degrades and dehumanizes a group of people
marginalized
subjected to unfair discrimination and prejudice on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity
linguistic styles
speech patterns
nonverbal behaviors
include gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, and conventions about personal space
touch and body movement, emotional communication, affectionate behavior
Gender affects nonverbal communication in three specific areas:
touch
can express warmth and intimacy as well as power and dominance
affectionate communication
behaviors used to express our love and appreciation for people we care about
women
In same-sex pairs who touches who more?
women
Women or men smile more often?
women
women or men use more affiliation behaviors?