communication
the process that humans use to exchange information and create meaning
signs
use of gestures to convey information or instructions
symbols
a thing that represents or stands for something else
behaviors
the way in which one acts or conducts oneself
communication need- instrumental
meets practical, everyday needs - must be met first
communication need- physical
addresses physical and mental
communication need- relational
includes companionship, affection, relaxation, and escape
communication need- spiritual
includes principles and morals people value
communication need- identity
a large role in shaping the way individuals see themselves (telling jokes)
model of comm- action
communication a one-way process, includes source, message, channel, receiver, noise, encoding, and decoding
model of comm- interaction
communication a two-way process, includes source, message, channel, receiver, noise, encoding, decoding, feedback, and context
model of comm- transaction
communication that doesn't distinguish between roles of source and receiver, both people in conversation are simultaneously sources and receivers
channel rich/ channel lean
multiple communication channels( face to face)/ less channels (twitter)
content dimension
literal information the communicator is communicating
relational dimension
carries signals about nature of relationship
metacommunication
communication about communication
implicit/ explicit
rules not articulated/ rules clearly articulated
interpersonal
communication with one other person
intrapersonal
communication with yourself
Communication myths...
- everyone is a communication expert!
-communcation solves every problem
-more communication is always better
- communication is always good
culture
the totality of learned & shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group from another
co-culture
groups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests besides national citizenship
jargon
technical terminology that is only understood by others in the same co-culture, helps communicate accurate, specific and efficient
individualistic
people believe their primary responsibility is to themselves.
collectivist
people believe their primary responsibility is to their community and employer
low/high context
people expected to speak directly or indirectly
monochromic
sees time as a valuable commodity that should be used wisely and not wasted.
polychronic
views time as holistic, fluid and infinite
Ambiguity
lack of certainty
Ethnocentrism
the ability of only seeing from your cultures point of view( or thinking your culture is superior)
arbitrary
words mean what we choose for them to mean
syntactic
order of words in phrases and clauses
semantic
meaning of individual words
pragmatic
implications/interpretations of statements
denotative
dictionary definition
connotative
your own meaning
loaded words
words with strongly positive or negative connotations
Sapir- whorf hypothesis
language shapes our views of reality
2. Society's attitudes and behaviors reflected in its language
linguistic determinism
the structure of language determines how we think
linguistic relativity
the language we speak influences how we see the world.
equivocation
disguises speaker's true intentions through ambiguity
Anchor and contrast approach
draft an ambitious request (anchor) and then ask what you actually want (contrast)
Ex: Asking for $50 but only wanting $5
social validation
people will comply if they believe others are too - 'everyone else is doing it'
euphemism
vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something blunter or harsher
IIPEG-reasons why we speak
inform, introduce, persuade, entertain, give honor
rule of subordination
some concepts in your speech are more important than others
rule of sub division
if you divide a point into subpoints you must have at least two
subpoints.
rule of parallel wording
all points and subpoints in your outline should have the same grammatical structure
objective source
presents information in an unbiased fashion (informative speech)
subjective source
presents information only in favor of their position on an issue (persuasive speech)
global plagiarism
stealing an entire speech and calling it your own
patchwork plagiarism
when you take information from multiple sources and call it your
own
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for small portions of your speech (phrase or
paragraph)
impromptu speech
no preparation, given on the spot
extemporaneous speech
carefully prepared to sound spontaneous,
most common type
scripted speech
word for word on a manuscript and read aloud exactly
memorized speech
word for word from memory
etymology
origin or history of word