Interpersonal communication
the process of exchanging messages between people whose lives mutually influence one another in unique ways in relation to social and cultural norms. It involves two or more people who are interdependent to some degree and who build a unique bond based on
what would NOT be interpersonal communication
a brief exchange with a grocery store clerk who you don't know wouldn't be considered interpersonal communication, because you and the clerk are not influencing each other in significant ways.
Psychological and physical health benefits to interpersonal communication
People with higher levels of interpersonal communication skills are better able to adapt to stress, have greater satisfaction in relationships and more friends, and have less depression and anxiety
TRUE or FALSE: We ARE born with all the interpersonal communication skills we'll need in life
FALSE
interpersonal communication competence
the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in personal relationships
Example: difference between effective and appropriate
Imagine that you are the manager of a small department of employees at a marketing agency where you often have to work on deadlines. As a deadline approaches, you worry about your team's ability to work without your supervision to complete the tasks, so y
Examples of communicating for instrumental goals:
-You ask your friend to help you move this weekend (gaining/resisting compliance).
-You ask your coworker to remind you how to balance your cash register till at the end of your shift (requesting or presenting information).
-You console your roommate afte
Examples of communicating for relational goals:
-You organize an office party for a coworker who has just become a US citizen (celebrating/honoring accomplishments).
-You make breakfast with your mom while you are home visiting (spending time together).
-You post a message on your long-distance friend'
DTR Talk ("defining-the-relationship talk")
Serves a relationship-maintenance function. In the early stages of a romantic relationship, you may have a DTR talk to reduce uncertainty about where you stand by deciding to use the term boyfriend, girlfriend, or partner. In a DTR talk, you may proactive
TRUE or FALSE: You may have several DTR talks as a relationship progresses
TRUE:
It is NOT unusual to have several DTR talks as a relationship progresses. At times, you may have to define the relationship when someone steps over a line by saying, "I think we should just be friends.
Examples of communicating to meet self-presentation goals:
-As your boss complains about struggling to format the company newsletter, you tell her about your experience with Microsoft Word and editing and offer to look over the newsletter once she's done to fix the formatting (presenting yourself as competent).
-
ABC's of image are...
appearance, behavior, and communication
Relationship cultures
the climates established through interpersonal communication that are unique to the relational partners but based on larger cultural and social norms.
relationship schemata
We also enter into new relationships with expectations based on the schemata we have developed in previous relationships and learned from our larger society and culture. It is blueprints or plans that show the inner workings of a relationship. Relationshi
storytelling
an important part of how we create culture in larger contexts and how we create a uniting and meaningful storyline for our relationships. We often rely on relationship storytelling to create a sense of stability in the face of change, test the compatibili
anthropologist coined the term ------ to describe the unique storytelling capability of modern humans.
homo narrans
personal idioms
unique to certain relationships, and they create a sense of belonging due to the inside meaning shared by the relational partners. In romantic relationships, for example, it is common for individuals to create nicknames for each other that may not directl
relationship routines
communicative acts that create a sense of predictability in a relationship that is comforting. For example, it is common for long-distance friends or relatives to schedule a recurring phone conversation or for couples to review the day's events over dinne
Relationship rituals
take on more symbolic meaning than do relationship routines and may be variations on widely recognized events�such as birthdays, anniversaries, Passover, Christmas, or Thanksgiving�or highly individualized and original. Relational partners may personalize
Relationship rules and norms
help with the daily function of the relationship. They help create structure and provide boundaries for interacting in the relationship and for interacting with larger social networks. Relationship rules are explicitly communicated guidelines for what sho
Interpersonal conflict
occurs in interactions where there are real or perceived incompatible goals, scarce resources, or opposing viewpoints.
Conflict
conflict isn't always negative or unproductive. Numerous research studies have shown that quantity of conflict in a relationship is not as important as how the conflict is handled. Additionally, when conflict is well managed, it has the potential to lead
competing style
indicates a high concern for self and a low concern for other. When we compete, we are striving to "win" the conflict, potentially at the expense or "loss" of the other person. One way we may gauge our win is by being granted or taking concessions from th
Men are more competitive than women
FALSE
-research has often shown that women are just as competitive as men.
avoiding style
indicates a low concern for self and a low concern for other, and no direct communication about the conflict takes place. However, in some cultures that emphasize group harmony over individual interests, and even in some situations in the United States, a
accommodating
indicates a low concern for self and a high concern for other and is often viewed as passive or submissive, in that someone complies with or obliges another without providing personal input. We accommodate because we are being generous, we are obeying, or
compromising
moderate concern for self and other and may indicate that there is a low investment in the conflict and/or the relationship. Even though we often hear that the best way to handle a conflict is to compromise, the compromising style isn't a win/win solution
collaborating
involves a high degree of concern for self and other and usually indicates investment in the conflict situation and the relationship. Although the collaborating style takes the most work in terms of communication competence, it ultimately leads to a win/w
face
the projected self we desire to put into the world
facework
the communicative strategies we employ to project, maintain, or repair our face or maintain, repair, or challenge another's face
Face negotiation theory
people in all cultures negotiate face through communication encounters, and that cultural factors influence how we engage in facework, especially in conflict situations. [18] These cultural factors influence whether we are more concerned with self-face or
Individualistic cultures
like the United States and most of Europe emphasize individual identity over group identity and encourage competition and self-reliance
Collectivistic cultures
like Taiwan, Colombia, China, Japan, Vietnam, and Peru value in-group identity over individual identity and value conformity to social norms of the in-group.
There are specific facework strategies for different conflict management styles, and these strategies correspond to self-face concerns or other-face concerns.
Accommodating. Giving in (self-face concern).
Avoiding. Pretending conflict does not exist (other-face concern).
Competing. Defending your position, persuading (self-face concern).
Collaborating. Apologizing, having a private discussion, remaining calm (o
serial arguing
a repeated pattern of disagreement over an issue
-There are three patterns that occur with serial arguing: repeating, mutual hostility, and arguing with assurances. The first pattern is repeating, which means reminding the other person of your complaint.
One-upping
quick reaction to communication from another person that escalates the conflict. If Sam comes home late from work and Nicki says, "I wish you would call when you're going to be late" and Sam responds, "I wish you would get off my back," the reaction has e
Mindreading
communication in which one person attributes something to the other using generalizations. If Sam says, "You don't care whether I come home at all or not!" she is presuming to know Nicki's thoughts and feelings. Nicki is likely to respond defensively, per
prenegotiation stage
you want to prepare for the encounter. If possible, let the other person know you would like to talk to them, and preview the topic, so they will also have the opportunity to prepare.
opening stage of the negotiation
you want to set the tone for the interaction because the other person will be likely to reciprocate. Generally, it is good to be cooperative and pleasant, which can help open the door for collaboration. You also want to establish common ground by bringing
exploration stage
There should be a high level of information exchange in the exploration stage. The overarching goal in this stage is to get a panoramic view of the conflict by sharing your perspective and listening to the other person. In this stage, you will likely lear
bargaining stage
is where you make proposals and concessions. The proposal you make should be informed by what you learned in the exploration stage. Flexibility is important here, because you may have to revise your ideal outcome and bottom line based on new information
settlement stage
you want to decide on one of the proposals and then summarize the chosen proposal and any related concessions. It is possible that each party can have a different view of the agreed solution. If your roommate thinks you are cleaning the bathroom every oth
Emotions
physiological, behavioral, and/or communicative reactions to stimuli that are cognitively processed and experienced as emotional. Emotions are often internally experienced through physiological changes such as increased heart rate, a tense stomach, or a c
Primary emotions
innate emotions that are experienced for short periods of time and appear rapidly, usually as a reaction to an outside stimulus, and are experienced similarly across cultures. The primary emotions are joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust
Secondary emotions
not as innate as primary emotions, and they do not have a corresponding facial expression that makes them universally recognizable. Secondary emotions are processed by a different part of the brain that requires higher order thinking; therefore, they are
Attachment theory
ties into the evolutionary perspective, because researchers claim that it is in our nature, as newborns, to create social bonds with our primary caretaker. This drive for attachment became innate through the process of evolution as early humans who were m
secure attachment style
their relationship with their parents is warm and that their parents also have a positive and caring relationship with each other. People with this attachment style are generally comfortable with intimacy, feel like they can depend on others when needed,
avoidant attachment style
report discomfort with closeness and a reluctance to depend on others. They quickly develop feelings of love for others, but those feelings lose intensity just as fast. As a result, people with this attachment style do not view love as long lasting or end
anxious attachment style
report a desire for closeness but anxieties about being abandoned. They regularly experience self-doubts and may blame their lack of love on others' unwillingness to commit rather than their own anxiety about being left. They are emotionally volatile and
Display rules
sociocultural norms that influence emotional expression. Display rules influence who can express emotions, which emotions can be expressed, and how intense the expressions can be. In individualistic cultures, where personal experience and self-determinati
cultural norms regarding which types of emotions can be expressed
In individualistic cultures, especially in the United States, there is a cultural expectation that people will exhibit positive emotions. Recent research has documented the culture of cheerfulness in the United States. [11] People seek out happy situation
Thai and Filipino funeral services often include
wailing, a more intense and loud form of crying, which shows respect for the deceased. The intensity of the wailing varies based on the importance of the individual who died and the closeness of the relationship between the mourner and the deceased
Emotion sharing
involves communicating the circumstances, thoughts, and feelings surrounding an emotional event. Emotion sharing usually starts immediately following an emotional episode. The intensity of the emotional event corresponds with the frequency and length of t
emotional contagion
the spreading of emotion from one person to another
Emotional intelligence
involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action." Improving our emotional vocabulary and considering how and when to verbally express
empathy
the ability to comprehend the emotions of others and to elicit those feelings in ourselves. Being empathetic has important social and physical implications. By expressing empathy, we will be more likely to attract and maintain supportive social networks,
Self-disclosure
purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person. If I purposefully wear the baseball cap of my favorite team to reveal my team loyalty to a new friend, then this clothing choice constitutes self-disclosure. Self-disclosure doesn't always h
Social penetration theory
as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self-disclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship develops
depth
refers to how personal or sensitive the information is
breadth
refers to the range of topics discussed
Social comparison theory
we evaluate ourselves based on how we compare with others. We may disclose information about our intellectual aptitude or athletic abilities to see how we relate to others
Johari window
can be applied to a variety of interpersonal interactions in order to help us understand what parts of ourselves are open, hidden, blind, and unknown.
open
known to self/others
blind
unknown to self
known to others
hidden
unknown to others
known to self
unknown
unknown to self
unknown to others
Four main categories for disclosure
include observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs
observations
include what we have done and experienced
If I told you that I think my move from the city to the country was a good decision...
I would be sharing my thoughts, because I included a judgment about my experiences
Sharing feelings includes...
expressing an emotion�for example, "I'm happy to wake up every morning and look out at the corn fields. I feel lucky.
we may communicate needs or wants by saying something like...
My best friend is looking for a job, and I really want him to move here, too.
dispositional attribution
Let's say your coworker discloses that she thinks the new boss got his promotion because of favoritism instead of merit. You may make a dispositional attribution that connects the cause of her disclosure to her personality by thinking, for example, that s
situational attribution
Identifies the cause of a disclosure with the context or surroundings in which the disclosure takes place. For example, you may attribute your coworker's disclosure to the fact that you agreed to go to lunch with her
Interpersonal attributions
identify the relationship between sender and receiver as the cause of the disclosure. So if you attribute your coworker's comments to the fact that you are best friends at work, you think your unique relationship caused the disclosure.
Personal relationships
meet emotional, relational, and instrumental needs, as they are intimate, close, and interdependent relationships such as those we have with best friends, partners, or immediate family
Social relationships
relationships that occasionally meet our needs and lack the closeness and interdependence of personal relationships. Examples of social relationships include coworkers, distant relatives, and acquaintances
initiating stage
people size each other up and try to present themselves favorably
experimenting stage
where people exchange information and often move from strangers to acquaintances, to the "sniffing ritual" of animals. A basic exchange of information is typical as the experimenting stage begins. For example, on the first day of class, you may chat with
intensifying stage
we indicate that we would like or are open to more intimacy, and then we wait for a signal of acceptance before we attempt more intimacy. This incremental intensification of intimacy can occur over a period of weeks, months, or years and may involve invit
integrating stage
two people's identities and personalities merge, and a sense of interdependence develops.
- the relational partners present themselves as one unit (e.g., both signing and sending one holiday card or opening a joint bank account).
bonding stage
public ritual that announces formal commitment. These types of rituals include weddings, commitment ceremonies, and civil unions
-In some ways, the bonding ritual is arbitrary, in that it can occur at any stage in a relationship
differentiating stage
Relational interaction stage where communicating differences becomes a primary focus and people reestablish boundaries between themselves.
- Differentiating is the reverse of integrating, as we and our reverts back to I and my
circumscribing stage
communication decreases and certain areas or subjects become restricted as individuals verbally close themselves off from each other. They may say things like "I don't want to talk about that anymore
stagnating stage
the relationship may come to a standstill, as individuals basically wait for the relationship to end. Outward communication may be avoided, but internal communication may be frequent. The relational conflict flaw of mindreading takes place as a person's i
avoiding stage
may be a way to end the awkwardness that comes with stagnation, as people signal that they want to close down the lines of communication. Communication in the avoiding stage can be very direct�"I don't want to talk to you anymore"�or more indirect�"I have
terminating stage
can occur shortly after initiation or after a ten- or twenty-year relational history has been established. Termination can result from outside circumstances such as geographic separation or internal factors such as changing values or personalities that le
Social exchange theory
entails a weighing of the costs and rewards in a given relationship. Rewards are outcomes that we get from a relationship that benefit us in some way, while costs range from granting favors to providing emotional support. When we do not receive the outcom
Interdependence
the relationship between a person's well-being and involvement in a particular relationship. A person will feel interdependence in a relationship when (1) satisfaction is high or the relationship meets important needs; (2) the alternatives are not good, m
Friendships
voluntary interpersonal relationships between two people who are usually equals and who mutually influence one another
-people have three main expectations for close friendships. A friend is someone you can talk to, someone you can depend on for help and
Reciprocal friendships
solid interpersonal relationships between people who are equals with a shared sense of loyalty and commitment
-Reciprocal friendships are what most people would consider the ideal for best friends
Associative friendships
mutually pleasurable relationships between acquaintances or associates that, although positive, lack the commitment of reciprocal friendships. These friendships are likely to be maintained out of convenience or to meet instrumental goals
-For example, a f
Receptive friendships
a status differential that makes the relationship asymmetrical. Unlike the other friendship types that are between peers, this relationship is more like that of a supervisor-subordinate or clergy-parishioner. In some cases, like a mentoring relationship,
Friends with benefits
have the closeness of a friendship and the sexual activity of a romantic partnership without the expectations of romantic commitment or labels
factors that influence the formation of friendships
environmental, situational, individual, and interactional
Environmental factors
lead us to have more day-to-day contact with some people over others. For example, residential proximity and sharing a workplace are catalysts for friendship formation. you may have had early friendships with people on your block because they were close b
situational factors
you may have had early friendships with people on your block because they were close by and you could spend time together easily without needing transportation
-The number of friends we have at any given point is a situational factor that also affects whe
individual factors
We are more likely to develop friendships with individuals we deem physically attractive, socially competent, and responsive to our needs. Specifically, we are more attracted to people we deem similar to or slightly above us in terms of attractiveness and
three primary sources of conflict in a friendship that stem from internal/interpersonal causes and may lead to voluntary dissolution
sexual interference, failure to support, and betrayal of trust
Sexual interference
generally involves a friend engaging with another friend's romantic partner or romantic interest and can lead to feelings of betrayal, jealousy, and anger
Failure to support
may entail a friend not coming to another's aid or defense when criticized
Betrayal of trust
can stem from failure to secure private information by telling a secret or disclosing personal information without permission.
Adolescence
begins with the onset of puberty and lasts through the teen years. We typically make our first voluntary close social relationships during adolescence as cognitive and emotional skills develop
Early adulthood
encompasses the time from around eighteen to twenty-nine years of age
- people report that their friendships are more intimate than the ones they had in adolescence. During this time, friends provide important feedback on self-concept, careers, romantic a
Adulthood
period from thirty to sixty-five years old.
-less opportunity for friendships in adulthood, as many in this period settle into careers, nourish long-term relationships, and have children. These new aspects of life bring more time constraints and interpers
Later Life
begins in one's sixties, are often remnants of previous friends and friendship patterns
-Given that geographic relocation is common in early adulthood, these friends may be physically distant, but if investment in occasional contact or visits preserved th
Cross-gender friendships
friendships between a male and a female. These friendships diminish in late childhood and early adolescence as boys and girls segregate into separate groups for many activities and socializing, reemerge as possibilities in late adolescence, and reach a pe
Structural definitions of family
focus on form, criteria for membership, and often hierarchy of family members. One example of a structural definition of family is two or more people who live together and are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. From this definition, a father and son
Family of origin
refers to relatives connected by blood or other traditional legal bonds such as marriage or adoption and includes parents, grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews
Family of orientation
refers to people who share the same household and are connected by blood, legal bond, or who act/live as if they are connected by either. This definition is limited to people who share the same household and represents the family makeup we choose. For exa
nuclear family
two heterosexual married parents and one or more children
A binuclear family
nuclear family that was split by divorce into two separate households, one headed by the mother and one by the father, with the original children from the family residing in each home for periods of time.
single-parent family
includes a mother or father who may or may not have been previously married with one or more children
stepfamily
a heterosexual couple that lives together with children from a previous relationship
cohabitating family
a heterosexual couple who lives together in a committed relationship but does not have a legal bond such as marriage. Similarly, a gay or lesbian family includes a couple of the same gender who live together in a committed relationship and may or may not
Task-orientation definitions of family
recognize that behaviors like emotional and financial support are more important interpersonal indicators of a family-like connection than biology. In short, anyone who fulfills the typical tasks present in families is considered family. For example, in s
Transactional definitions of family
focus on communication and subjective feelings of connection. While task-orientation definitions convey the importance of providing for family members, transactional definitions are concerned with the quality of interaction among family members. Specifica
intergenerational communication
communication between people of different age groups.
Patterned family interactions
most frequent rituals and do not have the degree of formality of traditions or celebrations. Patterned interactions may include mealtime, bedtime, receiving guests at the house, or leisure activities. Mealtime rituals may include a rotation of who cooks a
family rituals
demonstrate symbolic importance and shared beliefs, attitudes, and values
Family traditions
more formal, occur less frequently than patterned interactions, vary widely from family to family, and include birthdays, family reunions, and family vacations. Birthday traditions may involve a trip to a favorite restaurant, baking a cake, or hanging str
family celebrations
also formal, have more standardization between families, may be culturally specific, help transmit values and memories through generations, and include rites of passage and religious and secular holiday celebrations. Thanksgiving, for example, is formaliz
high conversation orientation
communicate with each other freely and frequently about activities, thoughts, and feelings. This unrestricted communication style leads to all members, including children, participating in family decisions. Parents in high-conversation-orientation familie
low conversation orientation
do not interact with each other as often, and topics of conversation are more restricted, as some thoughts are considered private. For example, not everyone's input may be sought for decisions that affect everyone in the family, and open and frequent comm
high conformity orientation
fosters a climate of uniformity, and parents decide guidelines for what to conform to. Children are expected to be obedient, and conflict is often avoided to protect family harmony. This more traditional family model stresses interdependence among family
low conformity orientation
encourages diversity of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors and assertion of individuality. Relationships outside the family are seen as important parts of growth and socialization, as they teach lessons about and build confidence for independence.
consensual family
high in both conversation and conformity orientations, and they encourage open communication but also want to maintain the hierarchy within the family that puts parents above children. This creates some tension between a desire for both openness and contr
pluralistic family
high in conversation orientation and low in conformity. Open discussion is encouraged for all family members, and parents do not strive to control their children's or each other's behaviors or decisions. Instead, they value the life lessons that a family
protective family
low in conversation orientation and high in conformity, expects children to be obedient to parents, and does not value open communication. Parents make the ultimate decisions and may or may not feel the need to share their reasoning with their children. I
laissez-faire family
low in conversation and conformity orientations, has infrequent and/or short interactions, and doesn't discuss many topics. Remember that pluralistic families also have a low conformity orientation, which means they encourage children to make their own de
dating couples
encompasses the courtship period, which may range from a first date through several years
cohabitating couple
couples who live together
Partnered couples
take additional steps to verbally, ceremonially, or legally claim their intentions to be together in a long-term committed relationship
matching hypothesis
people with similar levels of attractiveness will pair together despite the fact that people may idealize fitness models or celebrities who appear very attractive
Passionate love
entails an emotionally charged engagement between two people that can be both exhilarating and painful. For example, the thrill of falling for someone can be exhilarating, but feelings of vulnerability or anxiety that the love may not be reciprocated can
Companionate love
affection felt between two people whose lives are interdependent. For example, romantic partners may come to find a stable and consistent love in their shared time and activities together. The main idea behind this distinction is that relationships that a
Sexual communication
deals with the initiation or refusal of sexual activity and communication about sexual likes and dislikes. [10] For example, a sexual communication could involve a couple discussing a decision to abstain from sexual activity until a certain level of close
Sexual conflict
can result when couples disagree over frequency or type of sexual activities. Sexual conflict can also result from jealousy if one person believes their partner is focusing sexual thoughts or activities outside of the relationship
TRUE OR FALSE:
research shows that shared social networks are one of the strongest predictors of whether or not a relationship will continue or terminate.
TRUE
Network overlap
refers to the number of shared associations, including friends and family, that a couple has. For example, if Dan and Shereece are both close with Dan's sister Bernadette, and all three of them are friends with Kory, then those relationships completely ov
theory of triangles
examines the relationship between three domains of activity: the primary partnership (corner 1), the inner self (corner 2), and important outside interests (corner 3).
-All of the corners interact with each other, but it is the third corner that connects
supervisor-subordinate relationship
-can be primarily based in mentoring, friendship, or romance and includes two people, one of whom has formal authority over the other
-Research shows that supervisors are more likely to avoid giving negative feedback if possible, even though negative feed
mentoring relationship
one person functions as a guide, helping another navigate toward career goals. some mentoring relationships are formalized. Informal mentoring relationships develop as shared interests or goals bring two people together. Unlike regular relationships betwe
peer coworker relationship
refers to a workplace relationship between two people who have no formal authority over the other and are interdependent in some way. This is the most common type of interpersonal workplace relationship, given that most of us have many people we would con
Information peers
communicate about work-related topics only, and there is a low level of self-disclosure and trust. These are the most superficial of the peer coworker relationships, but that doesn't mean they are worthless
Collegial peers
engage in more self-disclosure about work and personal topics and communicate emotional support. These peers also provide informal feedback through daily conversations that help the employee develop a professional identity
Special peers
have high levels of self-disclosure with relatively few limitations and are highly interdependent in terms of providing emotional and professional support for one another. Special peer relationships are the rarest and mirror the intimate relationships we
TRUE OR FALSE:
A bad boss leads people to establish closer friendships with coworkers
TRUE
Workplace romances
involve two people who are emotionally and physically attracted to one another
Individuals may engage in workplace romances for many reasons, three of which are job motives, ego motives, and love motives
Job motives include gaining rewards such as power, money, or job security. Ego motives include the "thrill of the chase" and the self-esteem boost one may get. Love motives include the desire for genuine affection and companionship.
dark side of relationships
one is the degree to which something is deemed acceptable or not by society; the other includes the degree to which something functions productively to improve a relationship or not. These dimensions become more complicated when we realize that there can
altruistic lies
Lies intended to protect a relational partner that may net an overall positive result improving the functioning of a relationship.
-lies told to build the self-esteem of our relational partner, communicate loyalty, or bend the truth to spare someone from
lying in initiating stage
We tend to lie more during the initiating phase of a relationship. At this time, people may lie about their personality, past relationships, income, or skill sets as they engage in impression management and try to project themselves as likable and compete
Extradyadic romantic activity (ERA)
includes sexual or emotional interaction with someone other than a primary romantic partner. Given that most romantic couples aim to have sexually exclusive relationships, ERA is commonly referred to as cheating or infidelity and viewed as destructive and
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
refers to physical, verbal, and emotional violence that occurs between two people who are in or were recently in a romantic relationship.
-there are three types: intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence.
intimate terrorism
one partner uses violence to have general control over the other. The quest for control takes the following forms: economic abuse by controlling access to money; using children by getting them on the abuser's side and turning them against the abused partn
Violent resistance (VR)
often a reaction or response to intimate terrorism (IT). The key pattern in VR is that the person resisting uses violence as a response to a partner that is violent and controlling; however, the resistor is not attempting to control. In short, VR is most
Situational couple violence (SCV)
most common type of IPV and does not involve a quest for control in the relationship. Instead, SCV is provoked by a particular situation that is emotional or difficult that leads someone to respond or react with violence. SCV can play out in many ways, ra
communicative aggression
recurring verbal or nonverbal communication that significantly and negatively affects a person's sense of self. The following are examples of communicative aggression:
Degrading (humiliating, blaming, berating, name-calling)
Physically or emotionally with
Ceremonial speaking
-refers to speeches of praise, tribute, and celebration that bring audiences together on special occasions
-the speaking that goes on during these events isn't always as planned. One reason for this lack of preparation is that people think they can "wing
speech of introduction
speech in which one speaker briefly introduces an upcoming speaker who is usually the focus of the occasion. Such speeches are usually only one to two minutes long.
-You should also establish the speaker's credentials and credibility. Do not read the pers
speech of welcome
A speech of welcome is similar to a speech of introduction, but instead of introducing an audience to an upcoming speaker, you introduce the audience to upcoming events. If you are asked to deliver a speech of welcome, you're likely a representative of th
presenting an award
A ceremonial speech meant enhance the value of an award and honor the person receiving it. Should be focused on the occasion and the particular award.
accepting an award
A ceremonial speech in which a person briefly, graciously, and humbly accepts an award
toast
A ceremonial speech that praises or conveys goodwill or blessings in honor of a person, accomplishment, or event
-usually the shortest special-occasion speech
-a time to include a brief personal anecdote and/or humor
speech of tribute
a longer and more formal version of a toast that establishes why a person, group, or concept is worthy of praise. Speeches of tribute can honor a group, organization, or concept but usually focus on one person
eulogy
speech honoring a person who has died. The emotions and grief surrounding the loss of a loved one are difficult to manage and make this one of the most challenging types of speech. However, being asked to deliver a eulogy is an honor. Such speakers are us
This I Believe speeches
encourage people to use the power of their voice to speak from a personal context in a way can inspire, motivate, and resonate with others.
-Tell a story with your speech and make it personal. Since this speech is about you and your belief, use personal p
public advocacy
engaging people through responsible communication that seeks to make a better world for our loved ones and our communities. This view of communication acknowledges the power of our words to transform the world around us and that we have an ethical respons
Speaking in the social sciences
driven by quantitative or qualitative data reviewed in existing literature or from original research projects that focus on historical or current social issues
Qualitative research
focuses on describing and interpreting social phenomena using data collected through methods such as participant observation and interviewing�in short, watching and/or talking to people
Qualitative researchers
value the subjectivity that comes from individual perspectives and seek to capture the thoughts and feelings of research participants and convey them using descriptive writing that allows readers to think, see, and feel along with the participant
Speaking in the arts and humanities
usually involves critiquing, reviewing, or comparing and contrasting existing literature, art, philosophies, or historical texts in ways that connect the historical and contemporary. It may also involve creating and explaining original works of art. Stude
Speaking in education/training and development
involves students delivering a lecture, facilitating a discussion, or running an activity as if they were actually teaching or training. In each of these cases, students will be evaluated on their ability to present content in a progressive way that build
Speaking in science and math
focuses on using established methods and logic to find and report objective results. Science includes subjects such as biology, physics, and chemistry, and math includes subjects such as statistics, calculus, and math theory. You may not think that commun
Speaking in technical courses
focuses on learning through testing, replication, and design and then translating the technical information involved in those processes into lay terms. A main focus in these courses is to translate technical information into lay terms. A key communication
academic conferences
local, regional, national, or international events at which students, teachers, professionals, and practitioners gather to discuss and share knowledge in a particular field of study. When planning a presentation at an academic conference, you should spend
A frequent complaint about conference presentations stems from...
speakers who try to cram too much information into their ten-minute time slot
When preparing the presentation, follow these steps
determine the take-home message, determine the main question, add supporting material, and compose the introduction and conclusion. The "take-home message" is the one concept or finding that captures the combined importance of all the data and findings. T
Upward communication
speeches, proposals, or briefings to people in higher positions in the organizational hierarchy than the sender. Upward communication is usually the most lacking within an organization, so it is important to take advantage of the opportunity. These messag
executive summary
emerged from the fact that executives have tightly scheduled days and prefer concise, relevant information. Executive summaries are usually produced in written form but must also be conveyed orally
horizontal communication
Much of our day-to-day communication in business settings is horizontal communication with our colleagues or people who are on the same approximate level in the organizational hierarchy. This communication may occur between colleagues working in the same
Downward communication
includes messages directed at audience members who hold a lower place on the organizational hierarchy than the sender. As a supervisor, you will also have to speak to people whom you manage or employ. Downward communication usually involves job instructio
Communication to outside stakeholders
includes messages sent from service providers to people who are not employed by the organization but conduct business with or support it. These stakeholders include clients, customers, and funding sources. Communication to stakeholders may be informative
Briefings
short presentations that either update listeners about recent events or provide instructions for how to do something job related. Briefings may occur as upward, downward, or horizontal communication.
- An industrial designer briefing project managers on t
technical briefings
Briefings that provide instructions like how to use a new identification badge are called technical briefings, and they are the most common type of workplace presentation
Status reports
Various departments or teams that make up an organization, or committees that make up a governing board, are likely to give status reports. Status reports may focus on a specific project or task or simply report on the regular functioning of a group
Components of a Status Report
1. State the group or committee's task or purpose.
2. Describe the current status, including work done by the group and/or individuals and the methods used.
3. Report on obstacles encountered and efforts to overcome them
4. Describe the next goal or miles
Final reports
presented at the conclusion of a task and are similar to a progress report but include a discussion and analysis of the results of an effort.
-A final report almost always has an associated written document
feasibility report
A common future-focused report is the feasibility report, which explores potential actions or steps and then makes recommendations for future action based on methodical evaluation. The purpose of these reports is basically to determine if an action or ste
Components of a Feasibility Report
1. Introduction to a problem or situation and its potential consequences
2. Overview of the standards used for evaluating potential courses of action
3. Overview of process used to identify and evaluate courses of action
4. Details of potential courses of
training
People in supervisory or leadership positions often provide training, which includes presentations that prepare new employees for their jobs or provide instruction or development opportunities for existing employees.
- about 75 percent of training is deli
Common focuses of training include the following
-Compliance with company policies: Includes training and orienting new hires and ongoing training for existing employees related to new or changing company policies.
-Changing workplace environments: Diversity training and cross-cultural training for inte
Tips for Running Effective Meetings
1. Distribute an agenda to attendees two to three days in advance of the meeting.
2. Divide items up on the agenda into "for information," "for discussion," and "for decision."
3. Put items that warrant close attention early on the agenda.
4. Since senior
mic fright
increased nervousness due to the presence of a microphone
television tips
In terms of clothing, avoid too much contrast between colors, like black on white. Also avoid clothing that is too striped or patterned, as it may bleed onscreen. [3] Keep in mind that jewelry, watches, or anything reflective may catch the studio lights a
Video monitors
televisions that allow the on-air person to monitor their movements and see what viewers are seeing. One usually shows the video feed exactly as it will appear on viewer's screens and one may be a fixed monitor that basically functions as a mirror so you
audio monitor
allows you to hear yourself, studio producers, or another person communicating with you off site. If off-camera producers need to communicate with you, the monitor may be an earpiece, which is standard for news anchors. If you are doing a remote live segm
media interview
People often appear on the radio or television as a result of participating in a media interview with a reporter or radio or television representative.
sound bite
a verbal bullet point that is about ten seconds or twenty-six words long.
Spokespeople
speak to external audiences, primarily the media, on behalf of an individual or group. Some key attributes for an effective spokesperson are the abilities to establish rapport, tell an engaging story, handle difficult and unexpected questions, respond to
Crisis communication
occurs as a result of a major event outside of normal expectations that has potential negative results, runs the risk of escalating in intensity, may result in close media or government scrutiny, and creates pressure for a timely and effective response. [
Four main areas of crisis communication research are relationships, reputation, responsibility, and response
Relationships and reputation are built and maintained before a crisis occurs. Organizations create relationships with their stakeholders, and their track record of quality, customer service, dependability, and communication determines their reputation. Re
Small group communication
refers to interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared identity.
interdependence
share a common purpose and a common fate. If the actions of one or two group members lead to a group deviating from or not achieving their purpose, then all members of the group are affected
Task-oriented groups
formed to solve a problem, promote a cause, or generate ideas or information. In such groups, like a committee or study group, interactions and decisions are primarily evaluated based on the quality of the final product or output
The three main types of tasks are production, discussion, and problem-solving tasks
Groups faced with production tasks are asked to produce something tangible from their group interactions such as a report, design for a playground, musical performance, or fundraiser event. Groups faced with discussion tasks are asked to talk through some
Relational-oriented groups
formed to promote interpersonal connections and are more focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members. Decision making is directed at strengthening or repairing relationships rather than completing discrete tasks or d
primary groups
long-lasting groups that are formed based on relationships and include significant others. These are the small groups in which we interact most frequently
secondary groups
less frequent face-to-face interactions, less emotional and relational communication, and more task-related communication than primary groups. [9] While we are more likely to participate in secondary groups based on self-interest, our primary-group intera
Teams
task-oriented groups in which members are especially loyal and dedicated to the task and other group members
Virtual groups
take advantage of new technologies and meet exclusively or primarily online to achieve their purpose or goal. Some virtual groups may complete their task without ever being physically face-to-face
Synergy
potential for gains in performance or heightened quality of interactions when complementary members or member characteristics are added to existing ones. Because of synergy, the final group product can be better than what any individual could have produce
social loafing
they contribute less to the group than other members or than they would if working alone. [19] Social loafers expect that no one will notice their behaviors or that others will pick up their slack. It is this potential for social loafing that makes many s
forming stage of group development
group members begin to reduce uncertainty associated with new relationships and/or new tasks through initial interactions that lay the foundation for later group dynamics. Groups return to the forming stage as group members come and go over the life span
Group cohesion
the commitment of members to the purpose of the group and the degree of attraction among individuals within the group. The cohesion that begins in this stage sets the group on a trajectory influenced by group members' feelings about one another and their
storming stage of group development
conflict emerges as people begin to perform their various roles, have their ideas heard, and negotiate where they fit in the group's structure. The uncertainty present in the forming stage begins to give way as people begin to occupy specific roles and th
norming stage of group development
the practices and expectations of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group. Group norms are behaviors that become routine but are not explicitly taught or stated. In short, group norms help set t
performing stage of group development
group members work relatively smoothly toward the completion of a task or achievement of a purpose. Although interactions in the performing stage are task focused, the relational aspects of group interaction provide an underlying support for the group mem
adjourning stage of group development
occurs when a group dissolves because it has completed its purpose or goal, membership is declining and support for the group no longer exists, or it is dissolved because of some other internal or external cause. Some groups may live on indefinitely and n
leader
a group role that is associated with a high-status position and may be formally or informally recognized by group members
Leadership
a complex of beliefs, communication patterns, and behaviors that influence the functioning of a group and move a group toward the completion of its task. A person in the role of leader may provide no or poor leadership. Likewise, a person who is not recog
Designated leaders
officially recognized in their leadership role and may be appointed or elected by people inside or outside the group. Designated leaders can be especially successful when they are sought out by others to fulfill and are then accepted in leadership roles.
Emergent leaders
gain status and respect through engagement with the group and its task and are turned to by others as a resource when leadership is needed
traits of leadership
-Physical appearance: designated leaders tend to be taller and more attractive than others.
-Communication abilities: leaders speak more fluently, have a more confident tone, and communicate more often than other group members.
-Moderately (NOT A lot) mor
TRUE OR FALSE: Interestingly, group members are not as likely to designate or recognize an emergent leader that they perceive to be exceedingly more intelligent than them
TRUE
leadership styles
-Autocratic leaders set policies and make decisions primarily on their own, taking advantage of the power present in their title or status to set the agenda for the group.
-Democratic leaders facilitate group discussion and like to take input from all mem
Directive leaders
help provide psychological structure for their group members by clearly communicating expectations, keeping a schedule and agenda, providing specific guidance as group members work toward the completion of their task, and taking the lead on setting and co
Participative leaders
work to include group members in the decision-making process by soliciting and considering their opinions and suggestions. When group members feel included, their personal goals are more likely to align with the group and organization's goals, which can h
situational leaders
high task
relational oriented: emerge in semistructured contexts that are less formal and in groups composed of people who have specific knowledge and are therefore be trusted to do much of their work independently. [7] For example, a group of local busin
two stages of leadership emergence
stage one: about half of the group's members are eliminated from the possibility of being the group's leader. Weed out those not meant to be a leader
stage two: top two or three contenders:
leaders emerge based on communication and competence skill
task behaviors: what needs to get done
procedural: how are we going to do things/get things done
relational: how are we all going to get along
Supportive leaders
show concern for their followers' needs and emotions. They want to support group members' welfare through a positive and friendly group climate. These leaders are good at reducing the stress and frustration of the group, which helps create a positive clim
TRUE OR FALSE: A supportive leadership style is more likely in groups that are primarily RELATIONAL rather than TASK FOCUSED
TRUE
-For example, support groups and therapy groups benefit from a supportive leader. While maintaining positive relationships is an important part of any group's functioning, most task-oriented groups need to spend more time on task than social function
Achievement-oriented leaders
strive for excellence and set challenging goals, constantly seeking improvement and exhibiting confidence that group members can meet their high expectations. These leaders often engage in systematic social comparison, keeping tabs on other similar high-p
legitimate power
power that flows from the officially recognized position, status, or title of a group member. For example, the leader of the "Social Media Relations Department" of a retail chain receives legitimate power through the title "director of social media relati
TRUE OR FALSE: Directive leaders include all group members in decision making
FALSE
Expert power
comes from knowledge, skill, or expertise that a group member possesses and other group members do not. For example, even though all the workers in the Social Media Relations Department have experience with computers, the information technology (IT) offic
Referent power
comes from the attractiveness, likeability, and charisma of the group member
-Referent power also derives from a person's reputation
- For example, a group formed to raise funds for a science and nature museum may choose a former mayor, local celebrity, o
Information power
comes from a person's ability to access information that comes through informal channels and well-established social and professional networks
- For example, the group formed to raise funds for the science and nature museum may need to draw on informal in
Reward power
comes from the ability of a group member to provide a positive incentive as a compliance-gaining strategy
- Reward power can be used by nearly any group member if he or she gives another group member positive feedback on an idea, an appreciation card for
coercive power
comes from the ability of a group member to provide a negative incentive
- leaders with legitimate power are typically in the best position to use coercive power
-coercive power may manifest in loss of pay and/or privileges, being excluded from the group,
Task Leader
has a high group status because of his or her maturity, problem-solving abilities, knowledge, and/or leadership experience and skills and functions primarily to help the group complete its task. This person may be a designated or emergent leader, but in e
Task-leader behaviors can be further divided into two types: substantive and procedural
The substantive leader is the "idea person" who communicates "big picture" thoughts and suggestions that feed group discussion. The procedural leader is the person who gives the most guidance, perhaps following up on the ideas generated by the substantive
expediter
a task-related role that functions to keep the group on track toward completing its task by managing the agenda and setting and assessing goals in order to monitor the group's progress
information provider
includes behaviors that are more evenly shared than in other roles, as ideally, all group members present new ideas, initiate discussions of new topics, and contribute their own relevant knowledge and experiences. When group members are brought together b
gatekeeper
manages the flow of conversation in a group in order to achieve an appropriate balance so that all group members get to participate in a meaningful way. The gatekeeper may prompt others to provide information by saying something like "Let's each share one
recorder
takes notes on the discussion and activities that occur during a group meeting. The recorder is the only role that is essentially limited to one person at a time since in most cases it wouldn't be necessary or beneficial to have more than one person recor
social-emotional leader
perform a variety of maintenance roles and is generally someone who is well liked by the other group members and whose role behaviors complement but don't compete with the task leader. The social-emotional leader may also reassure and support the task lea
supporter
characterized by communication behaviors that encourage other group members and provide emotional support as needed. The supporter's work primarily occurs in one-on-one exchanges that are more intimate and in-depth than the exchanges that take place durin
tension releaser
someone who is naturally funny and sensitive to the personalities of the group and the dynamics of any given situation and who uses these qualities to manage the frustration level of the group
harmonizer
played by group members who help manage the various types of group conflict that emerge during group communication. They keep their eyes and ears open for signs of conflict among group members and ideally intervene before it escalates. For example, the ha
interpreter
self-centered roles
central negative
monopolizer
stage hog
blocker
problem statement
nominal group technique
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