Intergroup communication
A branch of the discipline that focuses on how communication within and between groups affects relationships, find that these comparisons have a tremendous impact on communication
Salient
which group is brought to mind
Ethnocentrism
A belief in the superiority of your own culture or group and a tendency to view other cultures through the lens of your own
Discrimination
Behavior toward a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group, class, or category-- when attitudes about superiority of one culture lead to rules and behaviors that favor that group and harm another group
Behavioral affirmation
Seeing or hearing what you want to see or hear in the communication of assorted group members
Behavioral confirmation
When we act in a way that makes our expectations about a group come true
Cognition (changing thinking)
our thinking changes when we increase our knowledge about cultures and co-cultures and develop more complex (rather than simplistic) ways of thinking about a culture
Affect (changing feelings)
Our feelings change when we experience greater enjoyment and less anxiety in our intercultural interactions, making us feel more comfortable and positive about intercultural exchanges
Changing behavior
When your thoughts and feelings are altered, behavioral changes occur as a result. Individuals develop better interpersonal relationships in work groups and perform their jobs better when they know what to say and not to say--do and do not-- acting with greater ease and effectiveness in accomplishing goals
Intercultural sensitivity
Mindfulness of behaviors that may offend others
Intergroup contact theory
holds that interaction between members of different social groups generates a possibility for more positive attitudes to emerge
Accommodation
To adapt and adjust you language and nonverbal behaviors
Convergence
Shifting language or nonverbal behaviors toward each other's way of communicating
Overaccommodate
Going too far in changing your language or changing ou language based on an incorrect or stereotypical notion of another group
Language
The system of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings
Denotative meaning
A words basic, consistently accepted definition
Connotative meaning
The emotional or attitudinal response people have to the word
Cognitive language
The specific system of symbols that you use to describe people, things, and situations in your mind; it influences language and message production
Grammar
The system of rules of a language that serves as a mechanism for the creation of words, phrases, and sentences
Communication acquisition
Requires that we not only learn individual words in a language but also learn to use that language appropriately and effectively in the context of the situation
Informing
Using language to both give and receive information
Feeling
Primarily relational; we let people know how much we value (or don't value) them by the emotions we express
Imagining
The ability to think, play, and be creative in communication
Ritualizing
Involves learning the rules for managing conversations and relationships
Evasion
Avoiding to provide specific details
Equivocation
Using words that have unclear or misleading definitions
Euphemisms
inoffensive words or phrases that substitute for terms that might be perceived as upsetting
Slang
Language that is informal, nonstandard, and usually particular to a specific group
Jargon
Technical language that is specific to members of a given profession or interest group or people who share a hobby
Semantics
the relationship among symbols, objects, people, and concepts and refers to the meaning that woods have for people, either because of their definitions or because of their placement in a sentence's structure (syntax)
Pragmatics
The ability to use the symbol systems of a culture appropriately
Biased language
Language infused with more subtle meanings that influence our perceptions about a subject
Politically correct language
Replacing biased language with more neutral terms (ex. firefighter, police officer, and chairperson)
Profanity
Words or expressions considered insulting, rude, vulgar, or disrespectful
Civility
The social norm for appropriate behavior
Speech repertoires
A set of complex language behaviors or "files" of language of language possibilities
High language
A more formal, polite, or "mainstream" language
Low language
Informal language, used in more comfortable environments
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A claim that the words a culture uses (or doesn't use) influence thinking
Linguistic determinism
The idea that language influences how we see the world around us
Linguistic relativity
Speakers of different languages have different views of the world
Code switching and style switching
types of accommodation in which communicators change their regular language and slang, as well as their tonality, pitch, rhythm, and inflection, to fit into a particular group
Nonverbal communication
The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words
Channel discrepancy
A situation in which one set of behaviors says one thing and another set says something different
Repeating
Mirrors the verbal message, offering a clear nonverbal cue that repeats the verbal message
Complementing
Nonverbal behavior that matches (without actually mirroring) the verbal message it accompanies
Accenting
Clarifying and emphasizing specific information in a verbal message
Substituting
Replacing words
Regulating
Coordinating verbal interaction
Immediacy
A feeling of closeness, involvement, and warmth between people as communicated by nonverbal behavior
Mimicry
The synchronized and usually unconscious pattern of imitating or matching gestures, body position, tone, and facial expressions to create social connections between people
Deception
The attempt to convince others of something that is false
Nonverbal codes
Symbols we use to send messages without, or in addition to, words
Emblems
Movements and gestures that have a direct verbal translation in a particular group or culture
Illustrators
Reinforce verbal messages and help visually explain what is being said
Regulators
Help us manage our interactions
Adaptors
Satisfy some physical or psychological need, such as rubbing your eyes when you're tired or twisting your hair when you're nervous or bored
Affect displays
Nonverbal behaviors that convey feelings, moods, and reactions
Oculesics
The study of the use of the eyes to communicate , and it covers the importance of the eyes in communication across the lifespan
Paralanguage
The vocalized sounds that accompany our words are nonverbal behaviors
Pitch
Involves variations in the voice that give prominence to certain words or syllables
Tone
A modulation of the voice, usually expressing a particular feeling or mood
Communication is...
The process by which individuals use symbols, signs, and behaviors to exchange information.
Communication is considered what?
The process through which the social fabric of relationships, groups, organizations, societies and world order-and disorder- is created and maintained
Functional perspective
Examines how communication behaviors work (or don't work) to accomplish our goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations
Relationships
The interconnections, or interdependence, between two or more people that function to achieve some goal
Relationships involve what?
Interdependence
Interdependence
What we do affects others and what others do affects us
Affiliation
The affect, or feelings, you have for others
Goal achievement
Relying on communication in order to accomplish particular objectives
Control
The ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationships are conducted
Symbols
Arbitrary constructions (usually in the form of language or behaviors) that refer to people, things, and concepts
Code
A set of symbols that are joined to create a meaningful message
Encoding
The process of mentally construction a message for production
Decoding
The process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it
Culture refers to what?
The shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people
Co-Cultures are what?
Smaller groups of people within a culture who are distinguished by features such as race, religion, age, generation, political affiliation, gender, sexual orientation, economic status, educational level, occupation, ands a host of other factors.
Communication need not be intentional
Can be spontaneous
A channel is...
The method through which communication occurs
Communication is a Transactional process
It involves two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles, and their messages are dependent on and influenced by those of their partner (that is, their messages are interdependent)
Competent communication
Communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation, in which the communicators evaluate and reassess their own communication process
Outcome
The product of an interchange
Process
Measures the success of communication by considering the methods by which an outcome is accomplished
Ethics
The study of morals, specifically the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with others
Behavioral Flexibility
The ability to have a number of behaviors at your disposal and your willingness to use different communication behaviors in different situations
Communication skills
Behavioral routines based on social understandings
Linear model
A sender originates communication, with words or action: those words or actions constitute the message. The message must be carried through a specific channel. Along the way, some interference, called noise, occurs, so that the message arrives (changed in some way from the original) at its target, the receiver
Interaction model
Exhibits communication between sender and receiver that incorporates feedback
Feedback
A message from the receiver to the sender that illustrates responses that occur when two or more people communicate (can be verbal, nonverbal, or both)
Competent communication model
is transactional: the individuals (or groups of organizations) communicate simultaneously, sending and receiving messages (both verbal and nonverbal) at the same moment in time, within a relational context, a situational context, and a cultural context
Cognitions
The thoughts that individuals have about themselves and others, including their understanding and awareness of who they are (smart, funny, compassionate, and so on), how well they like who they are, and how successful they think they are.
Behavior
Observable communication, including both verbal messages (the words you use) and nonverbal messages (your facial expressions, body movements, clothing, and gestures)
Basic communication process
All communication involves the basic processes of perception, intercultural interaction, verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and listening
Interpersonal communication
The study of communication between dyads, or pairs of individuals
Perception
Cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings
Communication processing
The means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the information ou receive
Schemas
Mental structures that put together related bits of information (help understand how things work or anticipate how they should proceed)
Mindfulness
Being focused on the task at hand
Mindlessness
Processing information passively
Selective perception
Succumbing to the biased nature of perception
Undue influence
occurs when you give greater credulity or importance to something shown or said than should be the case
Attributions
Personal characteristics that are used to explain behavior
Fundamental attribution error
Explains our tendency to overemphasize the internal and underestimate the external causes of behaviors we observe in others
Self-serving bias
Usually attribute our own successes o internal factors, while we explain our failures by attributing them to situational or external effects
Interaction appearance theory
helps explain how people change their attributions of someone, particularly their physical attractiveness, the more they interact
Cultural Myopia
A form of nearsightedness grounded in the belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people
Stereotyping
The act of fitting individuals into an existing schema without adjusting the schema appropriately; involves organizing information about groups of people into categories so that you can generalize about their attitudes, behaviors, skills, morals, and habits
Prejudice
A deep-seated feeling of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups, usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups
Self-concept
Your awareness and understanding of who you are-as interpreted and influenced by your thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideals
Social comparison theory
Comparing ourselves to others as we develop our ideas about ourselves
Self-esteem
How you feel about yourself, usually in a particular situation. Essentially a set of attitudes that people hold about their own emotions, thoughts, abilities, skills, behavior, and beliefs that fluctuate according to the situation or context
Self-efficacy
The ability to predict actual success from self-concept and self-esteem
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A prediction that causes an individual to alter his or her behavior in a way that makes the prediction more likely to occur
Self-actualization
The feelings and thoughts you get when you know that you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could
Self-adequacy
when you assess your communication competence as sufficient or acceptable; less positive than self-actualization
Self-denigration
Criticizing or attacking yourself
Self-presentation
Intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes
Self-monitoring
Your ability to watch your environment and others in it for cues as to how to present yourself in a particular situation
Self-disclosure
When you reveal yourself to others by sharing information about ourself
Culture
A learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people
Worldview
The framework through which you interpret the world and the people in it
Intercultural communication
The communication between people from different coutures who have different world views
High-context cultures
Use contextually cues-- such as time place, relationship, and situation-- to both interpret meaning and send subtle messages (ex. Japan, Korea, China, and many Latin American and African countries)
Low-context culture
Uses very direct language and relies less on situational factors to communicate (ex. The U.S., Canada, and most northern European countries)
Collectivist cultures
perceive themselves first and foremost as members of a group--and they communicate from that perspective (ex. many Arab and Latin American cultures as well as several Asian cultures such as China and Japan)
Individualist cultures
Value individuality; they place value on autonomy and privacy, with relatively little attention to status and hierarchy based on age or family connections (ex. U.S. highly, Great Britain, Australia, and Germany
Uncertainty avoidance
Cultures that adapt their behaviors in order to reduce uncertainty and risk
High uncertainty avoidance cultures
Behaviors are adapted to minimize risk and uncertainty; Cultures that are more anxious about the unknown(ex. Portugal, Greece, Peru, and Japan)
Low uncertainty avoidance cultures
Cultures with a higher tolerance for risk and ambiguity (ex. Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, and the U.S.)
Masculine Culture (achievement culture)
places value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness
Feminine Culture (Nurturing culture)
Place value on relationships and quality of life
Power distance
The way in which a culture accepts and expects the division of power among individuals
Time orientation
The way that cultures communicate about and with time (ex. U.S., Great Britain)
Monochronic cultures
Treat time as a limited resource-- a commodity that can be saved or wasted
Polychronic cultures
Comfortable dealing with multiple people and tasks at the same time
Understatement
Language that downplays the emotional intensity or importance of events
Generation
A group of people who were born into a specific time frame, along with its events and social changes that shape attitudes and behavior
Gender
refers to the behavioral and cultural traits assigned to our sex; determined by the way members of a particular culture define notions of masculinity and femininity
Social identity theory
you have a personal identity, which is your sense of your unique individual personality, and you have a social identity, the part of your self-concept that comes from your group memberships
Ingroups
The groups with which we identify and to which we feel we belong
Outgroups
Those we define as "others
Volume
How loud or soft the voice is
Vocalizations
Paralinguistic cues that give information about our emotional or physical state, such as laughing, crying, sighing, yawning, or moaning
Back-channel cues
signal when we want to talk versus when we are just encouraging others to continue their talking
Artifacts
Accessories carried or used on the body for decoration or identification
Proxemics
The study of the way we use and communicate with space
Territoriality
The claiming of an area, with or without legal basis, through continuous occupation of that area
Haptics
The study of touch
Chronemics
The study of how people perceive the use of time and how they structure time in their relationships
Contact cultures
Depend on touch as an important form of communication
Noncontact cultures
Touch sensitive or even tend to avoid touch
Public-private dimension
The physical space that affects our nonverbal communication
Informal-formal dimension
More psychological, dealing with our perceptions of personal versus impersonal situations
communication
the process by which individuals use symbols, signs, and behaviors to exchange information
functional perspective
communication exists to accomplish our goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations.
relationships
interconnections or interdependence between two or more people that function to achieve some goal
interdependence
what we do affects others and what others do affect us
affiliation
the feeling of connection you have with some one expressed through liking, love, or respect or alternatively dislike, hatred, or disrespect
control
the ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationships are conducted
expressing affiliation, achieving goals, or influencing others
three primary functions of communication
six characteristics of communication
extent to which: the message is symbolic, the code is shared, the message is culturally bound, intentionality of the sender, a channel is present, and the process of encoding and decoding messages is transactional
symbols
arbitrary constructions usually in the form of language or behaviors that refer to people, things, and concepts
code
a set of symbols that are joined to create a meaningful message
encoding
mentally constructing a message for production
decoding
process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it
culture
shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people
co-culture
smaller groups of people within a culture who are distinguished by certain factors
spontaneous communication
involuntary actions that give off information unintentionally such as blushing
channel
method through which communication occurs
transactional
involves two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles
competent
description of communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation in which the communicators evaluate and reassess their own communication process
outcome
product of an interchange
process
methods by which an outcome is accomplished
ethics
study of moral choices individuals make in their relationships
behavioral flexibility
ability to have a number of behaviors at your disposal and your willingness to use different communication behaviors in different situations
appropriate
meets the demands of the situation as well as the expectations of one's specific communication partner and any other people present
effective
helps to meet your goals
communication skills
behavioral routines based on social understandings used by communicators to achieve particular goals
linear model
sender originates communication through words or actions constituting a message that is carried through a channel to arrive to the receiver after going through interference called noise
interaction model
communication between sender and receiver that incorporates feedback (communicators "take turns" sending messages in this model)
feedback
message from receiver to sender that illustrates responses that occur when two or more people communicate
competent model
individuals communicate simultaneously verbally and non verbally within a relational, situational, and cultural context
cognitions
the thoughts that individuals have about themselves and others including their understanding and awareness of who they are that influence the communicator during communication
behavior
observable communication both verbal and non verbal influenced by cognition
relational context
context that includes the relational history: the sum of the shared experiences of the individuals involved in the relationship
situational context
all aspects of the environment including physical and social aspects
cultural context
backdrop of the competent communication model, influence of surrounding culture or culture of communicators
communication
_____ is the process by which individuals use symbols and behaviors to exchange information
Functional
_____ perspective on communication examines how communication behavior work (or don't work) to accomplish out goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations
The actions of each partner affect the other
The best definition of interdependence is
Affiliation
While on a first date, you notice your date leaning toward you, meeting your gaze, smiling when you make eye contact, and laughing at your jokes�you infer from your date's behavior that s/he likes you. This scenario best represents the use of communication to express
control
The ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationships are conducted is called
symbol
The word "dog" is a ____________, which arbitrarily refers to the canine companion that sleeps at the foot of your bed.
encoding
After looking in your book bag and realizing you forgot to grab a pen, you lean over to one of your classmates and you say, "Do you have a pen I can barrow for class today?" You have just engaged in what mental process as you constructed your message?
culture
The shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people is their
decoding
The process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning is referred to as
co-culture
The Amish, African Americans, Catholics and Goths are all groups we might refer to as members of a/an
translation
That communication involves two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles, and that their messages are dependent on and influenced by those of their partner, means that communication is
Ethics
___________ refers to the study of morals, specifically the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with others
linear model (of comm)
In which model of communication do we see a sender who originates a message, and sends it through a channel to a receiver, without any kind of feedback taken into consideration?
feedback
In the interaction model of communication, we refer to the receiver's response as
cognitions
__________ are the thoughts a communicator has about himself or herself and others.
TRUE
We sometimes express emotions to help fulfill our practical needs. True or False?
FALSE
While communication is helpful, we do not need to be able to communicate to get the things we want and need in life. True or False?
FALSE
Humans are able to communicate without the use of symbols. True or False?
TRUE
The meanings of symbols are arbitrary and are negotiated between people. True or False?
TRUE
An individual's ethics are influenced by his or her personal morals and values as well as by broader cultural notions of what is right or wrong morally. True or False?
communication processing
the means by which we gather, organize, and evaluate the information we receive
schemas
People sometimes feel uncertain in new situations where they do not know what to expect. This uncertainty develops because the person does not have a(n) __________ to guide his or her perception of the new event.
selective perception
Edgar, who is a communication major, finds himself frustrated by the number of times his professors say "umm," mispronounce words and use awkward gestures�so much so that he often misses the point of their lectures. Edgar's perceptions are best attributed to __________.
undue influence
Brianna is planning a vacation, and even though she really wants to go someplace quiet and relaxing, she has settled on a trip to Miami because her older sister told her she should go someplace with a great night life. In this scenario, Brianna's sister has an ___________ on Brianna's perception.
interaction appearance theory
Which theory helps explain how people change their attributions of someone's physical appearance as they communicate with them more?
fundamental attribute error
When Joe shows up late to meet his friends for dinner, he explains that he is late because he was held up in traffic. His friend Maggie reminds him, though, that they all drove in the same traffic, but that everyone else left early to accommodate the rush hour. The differences in their perception is best associated with _________________.
improve perceptions
verify your perceptions, be thoughtful when you seek explanations and look beyond first impressions to _______
cultural myopia
Failing to consider other cultural perspectives because of a belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people is associated with what term?
stereotyping
Fitting our perceptions of individuals into our existing schemas without adjusting the schema adequately is referred to as ___________________.
stereotypes
Politicians life," and "young people are lazy" are both examples of _____________.
social comparison theory
Our tendency to internalize our admiration for film and TV stars, models, famous athletes, and political figures by comparing what we like about them to our own self-conception is addressed by which theory?
self fulfilling prophecy
Because she believes she is not good at public speaking, Deanna puts off choosing and researching her topic, and doesn't have adequate time to prepare and practice for her presentation. Ultimately, she earns a failing grade on her speech, and walks away with her perception confirmed: she is just not a good speaker. Unfortunately, Deanna's ________ set her up for failure.
Self actualization
When you feel as though you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could do, you experience _______________.
self disclosure
The act of voluntarily revealing information that is not easily known about ourselves, to others, is called __________________.
TRUE
Men don't like to show their emotions" is an example of a stereotype. True or False?
TRUE
Social Comparison Theory helps to explain how media images may contribute to body image problems and eating disorders. True or False?
FALSE
Self-esteem refers only to the positive feelings one has about oneself. True or False?
TRUE
A self-fulfilling prophecy can set us up for success in a particular situation. True or False
culture
A learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people, including shared beliefs, values, and practices" represents which term from chapter three?
intercultural comm
___________ is the communication people from different cultures who have different worldviews.
collectivist cultures
People from which type of culture perceive themselves first and foremost as members of group?
uncertainty avoidance
______________ is the degree to which a culture adapts its behaviors in order to reduce ambiguity and risk.
power distance
Liz prefers working on her own rather than in groups, but will tolerate group work if each member's role or job is clearly defined, each person is responsible for his or her own work, and each person will be held accountable by their supervisor for the quality of the work they do in the group. Liz's perspective seems to reflect which cultural perspective?
monochronic cultures
Jim's dad always tells him things like "The early bird gets the worm," and "We're burning daylight" in order to remind him that time is finite and that he should get up early in the morning if he wants to be successful in life. Jim's dad is instilling which time orientation?
gender
The behavioral and cultural traits assigned to men and women, and the way a particular culture defines notions of masculinity and femininity, is referred to as ________________.
social identity theory
The theory that holds that we each have a sense of ourselves as a unique individual but also define ourselves based on our membership in groups is called ____________.
ingroup, outgroup
Andrew met his roommate Danny when they both joined the Independent Filmmakers Club as freshmen, and they have a large group of mutual friends through that group. More recently, Danny has joined a fraternity and has been inviting Andrew to join him at the frat's parties and other events. Andrew has accepted a few invitations, but feel awkward at the fraternity events because he does not identify with the other people who attend. We would describe the filmmakers' club as Andrew's ______________ and the fraternity as a(n) ______________.
ethnocentrism
___________ is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others', and the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of one's own.
behavior affirmation
Alan believes that school administrators are overly critical and controlling. Consequently, when the Dean of Students asks to meet with him to discuss what she can do to help him succeed in his classes, he assumes her goal is to coerce him into dropping out of his classes. We might describe Alan's perception as ________________________.
intergroup contact theory
___________ theory suggests that if you interact with people from backgrounds different from your own you will come to understand others better.
True (can be)
Culture is synonymous with ethnicity or nationality. True or False?
TRUE
Collectivist cultures tend to be governed by a clear sense of status and hierarchy, and tend to prize loyalty. True or False?
Fasle
The United States and Canada would be classified as high uncertainty avoidance cultures. True or False?
Fasle
An individual in a low power distance culture is less likely to feel anxiety when talking to someone of higher status than an individual from a high power distance culture would. True or False?
FALSE
Gender and biological sex are basically the same thing. True or False?
FALSE
People within a co-cultural group tend to have the same values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. True or False?
TRUE
Stereotypical beliefs about and attitudes toward others may lead us to interact with them in such a way that we set them up to prove our perceptions true. True or False?
denotative meaning
The consistently accepted definition of a word is referred to as its:
connotative meaning
When Joes's roommate asks if Joe would bring his cat home after the winter holidays, Joe remembers how his aunt's house smelled like a soiled litter box and that there was cat hair all over the furniture. Joe feels a great sense of reluctance. His response is related to what kind of meaning for cat?
feelings
Andy compliments his mother's new hairstyle just before he asks her if she can loan him some money for the weekend, hoping that this will put her in a good mood and improve his chances of getting the loan. His compliment is serving which functional communication competency?
equivocation
Using abstract words that have unclear or misleading definitions to get out of an uncomfortable situation is referred to as:
jargon
Technical language that is specific to members of a particular profession, interest group, or hobby is referred to as:
semantics
The relationship between symbols, objects, people, and concepts and the meaning that words have for people, either because of their definitions or placement in a sentence, defines which of the following terms?
biased language
When Ashley confides in her friend that she thinks her boyfriend might be cheating, her friend says, "Girl, he is a dog!" What language form did Ashley's friend use?
code (style) switching
What term refers to a form of accommodation in which a communicator changes his or her regular language and slang to fit into a particular group?
linguistic determinism
The theory that holds that speakers of different languages have different views of the world is:
language
_____ is a system of symbols, governed by grammatical rules that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings.
phonological rules
Grammatical rules that dictate how words should be pronounced are referred to as:
civility
Jane says her cousin is "big boned" instead of saying she's overweight, obese, or fat, because she understands those other terms might have insulting connotations. What type of language abstraction is Jane using?
TRUE
There is a nonverbal component to every verbal message. True or False?
TRUE
Every word has both denotative and connotative meaning. True or False?
FALSE
When Sam's professor says he will have to give a presentation in class, Joe feels his heart start to race and his palms feel sweaty. Joe probably reacts this way because his denotative meaning for the word "presentation" is unpleasant. True or False?
FALSE
Jargon is an informal form or language that is known to most people is a particular culture at a particular time. True or False?
FALSE
On the abstraction ladder discussed in the text, the word "fork" would be more abstract that the word "utensil." True or False?
TRUE
When comparing men and women of equal status, men tend to interrupt more often than women do. True or False?
TRUE
Speakers who use qualifiers, hedges, and disclaimers are usually perceived to be uncertain or hesitant, and therefore less powerful. True or False?
TRUE
Competent communication through technological media like email requires communicators to use more clear language than is usually required in face-to-face communication, in order to make up for the nonverbal cues that are missing. True or False?
gesture, smile, frown
Which of the following is an example of nonverbal behavior?
channel discrepancy
______ occurs when one set of a person's behaviors say one thing and another set of his or her behaviors says something different.
contradicting
Which of the following does not represent the way nonverbal behaviors can clarify the meaning of a verbal message by reinforcing it?
repeating
Your friend asks you how you're doing, and you say, "OK," while holding up your hand in the gesture Americans understand to be the OK sign. What reinforcing behavior are you using to clarify your message?
substituting
You see a friend across the room at a crowded party, but it's too loud for you to say hello from this distance. Instead, you make eye contact with him and nod your head as an acknowledgment and greeting. Which term best fits the function of your nonverbal behavior?
kinesics (nonverbal)
What is commonly referred to as "body language" is actually the observation of _______, or the way our body movements and gestures send messages.
emblem
During a church service, you silently hold your index finger up to your mouth to communicate nonverbally to your little brother that he must be quiet. What category of body movement are you using to communicate your message?
paralanguage
Elements like pitch, volume, rate, and other vocal qualities are called:
adaptor
While delivering your presentation, you begin to twist the ring on your right hand your right leg begins to shake. What category of body movement is illustrated in this example?
oculesics
Audiences prefer speakers who use eye contact behaviors that scan the audience, making each member or section of the audience feel like the speaker has addressed them specifically. This indicates the power of ______, or the use of the eyes in communication settings.
haptics
You're babysitting your niece. When the toddler wakes up, she cries out, missing her mom and dad. You rush upstairs, pick up the child, and hold her in your lap until she calms down and falls back to sleep. What type of nonverbal communication are you using to communicate your caring toward your niece?
public-private
Public displays of affection are sometimes upsetting to others because of a different in various communicators' perceptions of the _______ dimension of communication.
False (?)
Because nonverbal communication is more natural and spontaneous than verbal communication is, it is more easily understood. True or False?
FALSE
When a person's nonverbal behavior contradicts his or her verbal communication, we tend to believe the verbal message because it is more intentional. True or False?
TRUE
Vocal elements like pitch, rate, and volume are elements of nonverbal communication. True or False?
(?) Social-Polite
A polite handshake between colleagues would be defined as functional-professional touch. True or False?
artifacts
accessories, tattoos, jewelry, nail polish
TRUE
Personal space requirements change according to the situational, relational, and cultural context of the communication. True or False?
TRUE
Women tend to smile more and show greater sensitivity to others' nonverbal behavior than men do. True or False?
demographics
The systematic study of the quantifiable characteristics of a large group" defines which of the following terms?
specific purpose statement
To have audience members realized the importance of reading with local elementary school children so that they sign up for a volunteer reading program such as Everybody Wins
Thesis
A statement that conveys the central idea or core assumption about your topic is a _____ statement.
Thesis statement
EX: Volunteers who read with local elementary school children through programs such as Everybody Wins improve young lives by enhancing children's self-esteem and expanding their possibilities for academic success.
Plagiarism
________ is defined as "the crime of fraudulently presenting someone else's words, ideas, or intellectual property as your own�intentionally or unintentionally.
trustworthiness, respectful, responsible, fair
According to the textbook, ethical speaking is usually characterized by all of the following principles.
fair
Presenting an audience with opposing views so that they are able to make an informed decision is most closely related to which principle of ethical speaking?
TRUE
Public speaking is consistently identified as one of the most important skills needed for professional success. True or False?
TRUE
Anecdotes are especially useful when a speaker wants to personalize a speech and make it more memorable to the audience. True or False?
main points
_________ are the central claims that support a speaker's specific purpose and thesis statement.
topical (?)
Brad is organizing his speech on the process of rebuilding a transmission. What organizational pattern would best suit his needs for this speech?
Transitions
Words and phrases that connect different thoughts, points, and details in a way that allows them to flow naturally from one to the next" is most closely associated with which of the following terms?
signposts
First," "Additionally," "and "Moving on" are all examples of what your textbook authors call:
preparation
Speakers usually use a/an ______ outline as a rough draft they revisit and revise continually throughout the preparation of their speeches.
FALSE
Every speech should have three main points. True or False?
FALSE
Research suggests that audiences usually remember the middle points of a speech better than the first and last points. True or False?
TRUE
Sentence outlines that are written out word-for-word, exactly the way the speaker plans to give the speech, don't make good speaking outlines for most speakers. True or false?
FALSE
Including jargon and other technical language the audience doesn't understand in a speech is an effective way of building credibility on the subject and usually inspires an audience to want to learn more about the subject. True or False?
Communication
is the process by which individuals use symbols, sign, and behaviors to exchange information
Functional Perspective
of communication, which examines how we use communication to help us begin, maintain, and end relationships.
Relationships
are the interconnnections, or interdependence, between 2 or more people that function to achieve some goal.
Interdependence
meaning that what we do affects others and what others do affect us.
Affiliation
is the affect, or feelings, we have for others.
Goal achievement
Rely on communication in order to accomplish particular objective.
Symbols
arbitrary constructions (usually in the form of language or behaviors) that refer to people, things and concepts.
Code
a set of symbols that are joined to create a meaningful message.
Encoding
is the process of mentally constructing a message for production
Decoding
is the process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it.
Culture
refers to the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people.
Co-cultures
are smaller groups of people within a culture who are distinguished by features such as race, religion, age, generation, political affiliation, gender, sexual orientation, economic status, education level, occupation and a host of other factors.
Channel
is simply the method through which communication occurs.
Transactional
it involves two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles and the messages are dependent on and influenced by those of their partner.
Competent
to describe communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation.
Outcome
(who wins and who loses)
Process
which measures the success of communication by considering the methods by which an outcome is accomplished.
Ethics
is the study of morals, specifically the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with order.
Linear model
a sender originates the message, which carried through a channel - perhaps interfered with by noise - to the receiver
Interaction model
exhibits communication between sender and receiver that incorporates feedback.
Competent communication model
is transactional: the individuals (or groups or organizations) communicate simultaneously, sending and receiving messages (both verbal and nonverbal) at the same moment in time, w/in a relational context, a situational context, and a cultural context.
Relational context
in which the communication takes place. (ex. a kiss, depending on the context. Kissing ur mother is totally diff frm kissing your romantic partners.)
Situational context
in which the communication occurs. The surrounding influences communication.
Cultural context
that frames the interaction. How members view themselves as a specific culture influences communication choices.
Cognitions
the thoughts that individuals have about themselves and others including their understanding and awareness of who they are, how well they like who they are, and how successful they think they are.
Behavior
is observable communication, including both verbal messages and nonverbal messages.
communication
The process by which individuals use symbols signs and behaviors to exchange information
Functions of Communication
Functional perspective examines how communication works or don't work to accomplish goals. Relationships, Interdependence, Affiliation, Goals Achievement, Control.
Relationships
One of the functions of communication. Interconnections between two or more people to achieve some goal.
Interdependence
One of the functions of communication. What we do affects others and what others do affects us. A communication relationship is based on communication.
Affiliation
Function of communication Showing you have feelings for others. You show how much you want to be connected with someone by respecting them liking them, loving them.
Goals Achievement
Function of communication. Relying on communication to accomplish particular objectives. Focuses on getting the task DONE.
Competent Communication Model
A transactional model incorporating 3 contextual spheres in which individuals communicate. Communicators, Relational Context, Situational Context, Cultural Context.
Communicators
part of competent communication model. the people communicating.
relational context
part of competent communication model. in which communication takes place.
situational context
part of competent communication model. situation in which communication takes place.
cultural context
part of competent communication model. culture that frames the interaction.
Encoding
Process of mentally constructing the message that one wants to send.
Decoding
the process of receiving the message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it.
Communicator Cognition
thoughts communicators have about themselves Understanding and awareness of who they are.
Schemas
are mental structures we use to connect bits of information together. help you understand how things work. Ex: if someone says "hey what's up" an existing schema tells you you'll say hello, small talk then go your separate ways.
Perceptual Barriers
Perceptual challenges that can give rise to potential barriers to competent communication. Ex are narrow perspectives and Stereotyping.
Narrow Perspective
example is cultural myopia: when we are so caught up in our own environment we don't put ourselves in the place of different people in different environments.
Stereotyping
A perceptual barrier. The act of fitting individuals into an existing schema without adjusting the schema appropriately. Generalizing attitudes, behaviors, skills, habits etc.
Prejudice
A deep seated feeling of unkindness and ill will towards particular groups usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups.
Social Comparison Theory
We compare ourselves against idealized images in the media often to our own disadvantage. How we compare ourselves to others.
Self Presentation
intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes; it's how we let others know about ourselves. EX: If you want to let your friends know you're a successful editor you mention famous popular authors you've worked with.
Self-disclosure
Sharing important information about ourselves to friends. EX: telling a friend you're broke
Undue Influence
a challenge presented by a schema. when you give greater credibility to something than you should. ex: jurors in a case influence their decision on media coverage.
recommendations for improving perception
verify your perception. don't jump to conclusions. Be thoughtful when you seek explanations: don't base your thought on assumptions. Look beyond first impressions: don't rely completely on very first impression
Culture
a learned system of thought and behavior that reflects a groups shared beliefs and values and practices.
Ingroups
a part of intergroup communication. an ingroup is a group with which we identify and to which we feel we belong.
outgroup
the others" people we don't identify with.
Social Identity Theory
personal identity: which is your sense of your unique individual personality. and social identity: that part of your self-concept that comes from your group memberships. shifts depending on which group membership is most imoirtant at a given moment.
Collectivist Cultures
cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes
individualist cultures
cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others
high context culture
Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous Ex: chinese man might disagree with someone but won't say it directly partner has to look for CLUES
low context culture
a culture in which people are expected to be direct and to say what they mean. AMERICA
intergroup contact theory
a prominent idea. it holds that interaction between members of different social groups generate a possibility for more positive attitudes to emerge. if you have contact with people who are different from you you realize that the expectations you have about them might be incorrect.
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. school: a building where education takes place
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. School: memories of recess
abstract language
Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. Abstraction ladder :FROM ABSTRACT TO SPECIFIC
You're useless
...
You never help out around the house.
...
you keep forgetting to do your chores
...
the trash wasn't emptied last night and it's your job to do that.
...
i noticed you didn't take out the trash in teh kitche, the bathroom, or the bedroom. you agreed that taking out the trash every monday and thursday evening would be your job."`
...
High language
formal polite mainstream language. business context, interviews school etc
low language
often involving slang informal easy going friends
code/style switching
Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.
relational context
ex: we don't speak to our mother the same way we speak to our friends, grandmother, boss etc. it all depends on the relationship you have with them
situational context
it all depends on the situation you're in. we don't talk at work the same way we would talk at a bar, or at a sports game. tone, slang, all changes depending on the situation
cultural context
depends on the culture. hilary clinton gave russian minister a button to "reset" as a gift but said wrong word russian minster could have taken it differently because it's a different word in his culture.
sapir worf hypothesis
claim that the words a culture uses or don't use influence thinking. if a culture doesn't have a word for something they probably don't even consider the concept a lot.
channel discrepancy
words and actions don't match, the nonverbal communication is more likely to be believed than the verbal communication
nonverbal communication codes
symbols we use to send messages without or in addition to words
emblems
movements gestures that have a direct verbal translation in a particular group or culture. obama made a pinkie and thum salute to hawaiian marching band called a "shaka" which is a greeting in traditional hawaiian culture.
illustrators
reinforce verbal messages and help visually explain what is being said. holding hands to feet apart saying "it was THIS big" is an illustrator
regulators
help us manage our interactions. rainsing hand and lifting head indicates you want to speak.
adaptors
satisfy some physical or psychological need, such as rubbing your eyes when you're tired, twisting hair when nervous or bored. adaptors are not conscious behaviors, usually to reduce body tension
affect displays
nonverbal behaviors that convey feelings moods and reaction. often unintentional, reflecting the sender's emotions: slumping in a chair may indicate fatigue or boredom.
territoriality
the claiming of an area with or without legal basis. ex: you always sit in the same seat in class even if they're not assigned
contact cultures
more likely to communicate through touch. example: woman engage in more eye contact than men, initiate touch more often and smile more to communicate.
noncontact cultures
touch sensitive or tend to avoid touch.
the listening process
skills that we develop and improve when listening to someone
Selecting
step 1 of the listening process. involuntary: we cannot choose what we hear. when you are faced with competing stimuli--say the sound of the television in the room, your roomate, the dishwasher, you need to choose one sound over the others.
Attending
Step 2 of the listening process: being willing to focus attention on both the presences and communication of someone else. if you select Brett's voice the next step is to attend actively to his words and message.
understanding
Step 3 of the listening process: interpreting and making sense of message. while talking about his midterm brett mentions the disagreement he had with his professor over the wording of an essay question. he says words like "aggregate supply" or "reciprocal demand" you've never studied economics so don't really understand. you might have to ask brett questions so you can clearly understand.
remembering
step 4 of the listening process: recalling information that contributes to perceptions. if you don't remember what happened in your conversation with brett he might be annoyed when he's telling you how the dilemma turned out.
responding
Step 5 of listening process: involves generating some kind of feedback or reaction that lets others know that you have received and understood their message.
listening preferences
distinct styles that emerge when it comes to listening.
People oriented listeners
A listening preference: listen with relationships in mind; non judgmental; concerned with feelings; good at assessing moods
Action oriented listeners
A listening preference: focus on tasks. organize information they hear into concise and relevant themes. tend to keep the discourse on track so are often valuable in meetings and members of teams and organization.
content-oriented listeners
A listening preference: in which a person is critical of what he hears, and he enjoys listening to complex, challenging information from knowledgeable people
Time-Oriented Listeners
most concerned with efficiency. they prefer information that is clear and to the point and have little patience for speakers who talk too much or wander off topic.
listening barriers
factors that interfere with out ability to comprehend information and respond appropriately.
environmental factors
a listening barrier: loud noise such as the noise we experience in sporting events or when working with heavy equipment. it can also be difficult to listen depending on your environment. your tv is on you could have a view of the beach etc.
hearing and processing challenges
a listening barrier: the ability to hear declines with age, hearing loss.
multitasking
a listening barrier where you are attending to several things at once. we may truly believe that we are giving a fair amount of attention to each task but it complicates everything. our efficiency decreases
boredom and overexcitment
when something or someone seems dull we can wind up daydreaming. 2nd part may distract us. if you're consumed by plans for a weekend or how you will study for two midterms it can be difficult to listen to competing messages.
Defensive listening
An unethical listening behavior: responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker without fully listening to the message.
Selective Listening
An unethical listening behavior: when you zero in bits of information that interest you disregarding the other messages or parts of messages. mostly common when defensive or insecure. if you really dislike someone you might only listen to negative things they say.
Selfish listening
An unethical listening behavior: listening for your own needs. lucia may seem really engaged in your discussion about some negative interaction you've had with ryan however it's possible she's only listening to get a sense of weakness in your relationship because SHE'S interested in ryan.
monopolistic listening
an unethical behavior part of selfish listening: listening in order to control the communication interaction. when you listen to someone only to plot your own response in order to get YOUR way.
hurtful listening
an unethical listening behavior: ambushing or attacking someone when responding. they find weaknesses in others things they're sensitive about and pull it out. insensitive listening can occur when we fail to pay attention to the emotional content of someone's message.
pseudolistening
an unethical listening behavior: when you become impatient or bored with someone's communication messages. pretending to listen saying "uh-huh" when you're not paying attention at all.
Companionship
A function of relationships: we all long for inclusion to involve others in our lives and be involved in others lives.
stimulation
a function of relationships: we seek diversions. watching tv or listening to music. but interaction with another person provides a unique kind because it occurs on a personal level. checking up on old highschool buddies on fb, meeting with significant other and hug.
achieving goals
a function of relationship: satisfying the needs like loneliness or providing stimulation. or more practical if you have dreamed about working in finance you will seek people that have worked in finance.
EROS
a type of lover: beauty and sexuality. sex is the most important aspect of erotic love. intense emotionally and physically.
LUDUS
a type of love for entertainment and excitement. views love as a game. does not require great commitment
STORGE
a type of love: peacefulness and slowness. lacks passion and excitement, share common interests but rarely disclose any feelings about relationship.
MANIA
a type of loveelation and depression. romantic love. extreme feelings full of excitement and intensity but reaches a peak and quickly fades away
PRAGMA
a type of love: deed, task, work,,. extremely logical and practical. want long term relationship with an individual who shares their goals in life
AGAPE
compassion and sleflessness: gives willingly and expects nothing in return.
initiating stage
stage of relationship one in which you make contact with a person. greeting, asking name etc
exploratory stage
seeking superficial information in a relationship. "do you watch mad men?" "how many brothers and sisters do you have?" etc
intensification stage
stage of relationship in which partners become increasingly intimate and move their communication toward more person questions. pet names form "honey darling" "we" no longer "me.
Stable stage
stage of relationship:: no longer volatile or temporary. have a great deal of knowledge about each other/ integrating and bonding
declining stage
Stage of relationship where relationship falls apart. due to uncertainty events, interference, or unmet expectations.
social penetration theory
theory indicating that the depth and breadth of self-disclosure help us learn about a person we're getting to know. example: peeling an onion
dialectical tensions
contradictory feelings that tug at us in every relationship. , conflicts that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exist simultaneously
social exchange theory
The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else. rewards and costs. he may be cheating on you (cost) but he's still buying you diamonds. (benefit)
uncertainty reduction theory
theory suggesting that people find uncertainty to be unpleasant, so they are motivated to reduce their uncertainty by getting to know others
productive conflict
conflict that is managed effectively. making plans for the weekend might create conflict but if it is successful it is good.
unproductive conflict
conflict that is managed poorly and has a negative impact on individuals.
benefits of productive conflict
fosters healthy debate: exchanging ideas, evulate the merits of anothers claim, refine each other's thinking about certain situation.
leads to better decision making: conflicting on how to solve a problem or reach a goal and having a successful outcome
...
spurs relationship growth: differences of opinion and clashing goals in a relationship can result in conflict and make it interesting
...
Inaccurate Perception
a conflict trigger: if your bf takes you out to baseball games all the time and never to the ballet and you think he does it on purpose yet you never told him you didn't like baseball, he would have a different view on the situation than you.
unbalanced cost and rewards
a conflict trigger: if you do all the work at the house and your spouse always sits on the couch never rewarding you for the work you do.
provocation
conflict trigger that arises about natural differences between individuals goals or perception. this is the intentional instigation of conflict.
uncertain climate
a communication climate where one person involved in the conflict is unclear, vague, tentative and awkard about goals and expectations
defensive climate
a communication climate in which people feel threatened. mistrust suspicion and apprehension. walking dead.
supportive climate
ideal communication climate, communicators are opeen with ideas feelings and together construct a reality that induces productive resolution.
escapist strategy
a strategy for managing conflict. when people try to avoid conflict entirely.
challenging strategy
strategy for managing conflict. assertiveness. if leslie decides that she wants pie more than she wants to avoid fighting with kathy she might DEMAND the entire piece for herself.
cooperative strategy
strategy for managing conflict. if leslie tries to propose a compromise offering to split the last piece with kathy
focus on issues
don't bring up past issues and focus on issue at hand a strategy for managing conflcit
debate and argue
a strategy for managing conflict in which you probe or ask questions to get a better understanding. don't play role of devil's advocate and point out their flaws and mistakes
consider options and alternatives
offering or negotiating as a strategy for managing conflict
reassure your partner
a straightforward explanation of your good intentions might be a strategy for managing conflict.
compromise
an outcome of conflict where both sides arrive at an agreement where one partner offers something of equal value in return for he or she something wants
win-win
a conflict outcome: when both participants in a conflict and arrive at a solution that has been resolved in a win win manner
lose-lose
a conflict outcome where the conflict is resolved without either side getting what they want.
separation
a conflict outcome: where one removes themself from the situation or relationship.
allocation of power
a conflict outcome:when the couple decides which personal will have the power to make the decision in the relationship,.
random selection
flipping a coin. a method of compromise
nonverbal communication
the process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words
channel discrepancy
occurs when one set of a person's behaviors say one thing and another set of his or her behavior says something different
repeating
your friend asks you how you're doing and you say "OK" while holding up your hand in the gesture Americans understand to be the OK sign
regulating
nonverbal behaviors that coordinate verbal interaction by helping us to navigate the back-and-forth of communication in a constructive and appropriate manner
kinesics
the way our body movements and gestures send messages
emblem
during a church service you silently hold one finger up to your mouth to communicate non-verbally to your little brother that he must be quite
adaptor
twisting the ring on your right hand and your shaking leg while delivering a presentation
oculesics
the use of the eyes in communication settings
para-language
elements like pitch, volume, rate and other vocal qualities
back-channel cues
vocalizations like "uh huh" and "ummm" that signal you want to speak while another person is talking
haptics
the nonverbal communication used when comforting your niece wakes up crying out for her mom and dad
noncontact culture
members prefer to avoid touch and are less touch-sensitive
public-private
public displays of affection are sometimes upsetting to others because of a difference in various communicators' perceptions of the...
FALSE
T/F sign language is an example of nonverbal communication
FALSE
T/F because nonverbal communication is more natural and spontaneous than verbal communication is, it is more easily understood.
FALSE
T/F when a person's nonverbal behavior contradicts his or her berbal communication, we tend to believe the verbal message because it is more intentional.
TRUE
T/F when your little sister brings home the MVP trophy from her softball tournament, you say, "Good Job!" while simultaneously giving her a thumbs up sign. We would say that your nonverbal behavior was repeating your verbal message
FALSE
T/F immediacy refers to how quickly or slowly a communicator responds with feedback
TRUE
T/F immediacy cues such as smiling, nodding in agreement and pausing to allow others to speak can foster a closer working relationship between people
FALSE
T/F research in nonverbal communication has concluded that it is, indeed, possible to accurately determine if another person is lying just by monitoring their nonverbal behavior
FALSE
T/F nonverbal communication differs from verbal communication because nonverbal symbols are not part of a code that needs to be interpreted by the receiver
TRUE
T/F affect displays are usually unintentional actions that show a person's emotion
FALSE
T/F Irenaus Eibl-Ebesfeldt is credited with discovering that all facial expressions appear to be innate and universal across all cultures
TRUE
T/F masking refers to the intentional concealment of a person's true emotion by displaying a facial expression that is more appropriate in a given interaction
TRUE
T/F research indicates that infants tend to smile more when they receive direct eye gaze from another person than they do when the other's eyes are averted
TRUE
T/F vocal elements like pitch, rate and volume are elements of nonverbal communication
FALSE
T/F Edward Hall discovered that the most comfortable space for communication within professional contexts, such as business meetings, is the public zone
TRUE
T/F personal space requirements change according to the situational, relational, and cultural context of the communication
FALSE
T/F a polite handshake between colleagues would be defined as functional-professional touch
TRUE
T/F the use of touch can send powerful messages of caring and comfort, as well as control, and can serve a regulating purpose in our interactions
TRUE
T/F how people perceive the use of time and how they structure time in their relationships is an element of nonverbal communication
FALSE
T/F making direct eye contact with another person is considered to be a sign of interest and respect throughout the world
TRUE
T/F women tend to smile more and show greater sensitivity to others' nonverbal behavior than men do
TRUE
T/F the location or environment, the event, and the level of touch are all indicators that might help us determine the informal-formal dimension of the situational context
Perception
a cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understandings
communication processing
the means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the information you receive
schema
when people sometimes feel uncertain in new situations where they don't know what to expect, uncertainty develops because they don't have this
mindlessness
reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall and uncritical evaluation are all signs that this state is challenging's one perception
undue influence
Brianna is planning a vacation and even though she really wants to go someplace quiet and relaxing, she has settled on a trip to Miami because her older sister told her she should go someplace with a great night life. This challenges her perception.
interaction appearance theory
a theory that helps explain how people change their attributions of someone's physical appearance as they communicate with them more
Improve perception
verify perceptions, be thoughtful when seeking explanations, and look beyond first impressions
cultural myopia
failing to consider other cultural perspectives because of a belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people
stereotyping
fitting our perceptions of individuals into our existing schemas without adjusting the scheema adequately
Prejudice
a barrier to intercultural communication competence is considered to be the most severe because it involves deep-seated feelings of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups
self-concept
your awareness and understanding of who you are, as interpretted and influenced by your thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals and ideals
direct evidence
Your roommate tells you that "you have a really great sense of style; you make any outfit look great." You may choose to incorporate into your self-concept is an example of
social comparison theory
a tendency to internalize our admiration for film and TV stars, models, famous athletes, and political figures by comparing what we like about them to our own self-concept
self-esteem
the way a person feels about himself or herself
self-efficacy
Jim chooses to invite two people he met in his English class over to watch a movie instead of going to a larger party with his fraternity brothers. He says, "I feel like I'm better one-on-one than I am in big groups." This decision is based on...
self-fulfilling prophecy
Deanna puts off choosing and researching her topic, and doesn't have adequate time to prepare and practice for her presentation. Ultimately, she earns a failing grade on her speech, and walks away with her perception confirmed: she's not a good speaker. This is an example of...
self-actualization
when you feel as though you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possibly could
person who is a high self-monitor
Joe watches other people's nonverbal behavior carefully for cues to what topics they find interesting and what personality traits they consider desirable, and he modifies his behavior in order to create a positive impression on them. Joe is a...
self-disclosure
the act of voluntarily revealing information that is not easily known about ourselves to others
TRUE
we are presented with so much detailed information that it would be difficult to make sense of it all if we didn't schema to organize our perceptions
FALSE
undue influence is not a concern for teens who question their parents' authority
TRUE
attributing the success of rival team to the referees making bad calls during the game may be an example of the fundamental attribution error influencing our perception
TRUE
when Michaela is not asked to interview for the part-time job she wants at her favorite store, she says, "I guess it's all about who you know and not what you know." Michaela's perception may be challenged by the fundamental attribution error
TRUE
factors such as age and race have a strong influence on our perception
FALSE
communication scholars believe that if we all embrace cultural myopia, we will understand one another better
FALSE
Men don't like to show their emotions" is an example of a stereotype
TRUE
negative stereotypes about a group often lead to prejudice against that group
TRUE
communication researchers believe that social interaction is a key aspect in developing one's self-concept
TRUE
social comparison theory helps to explain how media images may contribute to body image problems and eating disorders
TRUE
self-esteem may be positive with regard to one attribute and negative when one considers a different attribute
TRUE
a student's choice of a major would probably be related to his or her feelings of self-efficacy
TRUE
a self-fulfilling prophecy can set up for success in a particular situation
FALSE
after a disagreement with his roommate over the cleanliness of their apartment, Dennis feels frustrated because he agreed to a solution he didn't find satisfying, and decides that he needs to revisit the discussion and be more assertive about his needs. Dennis' evaluation of himself reflects self-denigration
FALSE
telling your new coworker that you prefer the color blue to red would count as self disclosure
TRUE
it would not be considered self-disclosure if we were coerced or forced into sharing a piece of information about ourselves
FALSE
communicators who have a low level of sensitivity to feedback are likely to incorporate others' feedback into their self-concept and modify their behavior based on that feedback
FALSE
the ability to use technology and mediated communication to manage one's identity is a new phenomenon that communication researchers have only begun to research
Communication
The process by which individuals use symbols and behaviors to exchange information
Functional perspective
examines how communications behaviors work (or don't work) to accomplish our goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations
Interdependence
What we do affects others, and what they do affects us
Why communicate?
to express affiliation, to achieve goals and to influence others
Affiliation
While on a first date, you notice your date leaning in toward you, meeting your gaze, smiling when you make eye contact, and laughing at your jokes- you infer from your date's behavior that he or she likes you.
Control
the ability of one person, group or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationships are conducted
symbol
The word "dog" is a _____, which arbitrarily refers to the canine companion that sleeps at the foot of your bed
Ethics
the study of morals, specifically the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with others
decoding
the process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it
culture
the shared beliefs, values and practices of a group of people
examples of co-cultures
the Amish, African Americans, Catholics and Goths
transactional
communication involves two or more people acting in both sender and receiver roles, and the message is dependent on and influenced by those of their partner
appropriate communication
meets the demands of the situation, as well as the expectations of one's communication partner and any other people present
Linear model
model of communication where the sender originates a message, and sends it through a channel to a receiver, without any kind of feedback taken into consideration
feedback
the receiver's responses in the interaction model of communication
competent communication
model of communication that presents a transactional perspective, in which individuals simultaneously send and receive messages within a relational context, a situational context and a cultural context
Cognitions
thoughts a communicator has about himself or herself and others
TRUE
human beings are born with the capacity to communicate
TRUE
we sometimes express emotions to help fulfill our practical needs
FALSE
while communication is helpful, we do not need it to be able to communicate to get things we want and need in life
TRUE
communication offers us multiple ways to accomplish a goal
TRUE
the more control one person has in a communication relationship, the less the other person has
TRUE
in healthy relationships, there is usually equally shared control- both parties have about even levels of control over one another and the communication
FALSE
humans are able to communicate without the use of symbols
TRUE
the meanings of symbols are arbitrary and are negotiated between people
FALSE
codes lose their value once they are known broadly by a large number of people
FALSE
individuals are only able to identify with one co-culture at a time, making this aspect of their cultural identity less meaningful than others
FALSE
the discipline of communication is only concerned with communication that is intentional
FALSE
transactional communication involves a sender and a receiver sending independent messages to one another
FALSE
competent communicators are more concerned with the outcome of their communication than they are with the process of their communication
TRUE
an individual's ethics are influenced by his or her personal morals and values as well as by broader cultural notions of what is right or wrong morally
TRUE
communication behavior can be effective without being appropriate
TRUE
the appropriateness of a communication act is largely determined by cultural norms and rules about what is acceptable or unacceptable
FALSE
while appropriateness is subjective, and may change from one situation to another, competent communication focuses on using the skills that are effective in all situations
FALSE
having strong communication skills is a requirement to develop mutually satisfying relationships
TRUE
the linear model of communication could be used to describe the way an artist uses her recorded music to communicate with her fans
FALSE
the interaction model of communication is the most complex and accurate model of communication put forth because it is the only model to acknowledge that communicators simultaneously send and receive messages
TRUE
a communicator's perception of himself or herself can have a profound impact on the way he or she communicates
TRUE
most people perceive their cognitions, thoughts and feelings to be innate, buy they are actually shaped by the culture in which they live
Avoidance
When people have a high value of neutrality and low value of assertiveness skills and a high value in conflict.
Accommodation
High value for cooperating, great concern for others, low value for compromise
Competition
High value for being powerful, low value for compromise
Collaboration
Best option. Working against a problem, not against other people. Knows their opinion isn't more important than others.
Compromise
Finding acceptable solutions . Middle of the road value for assertiveness and avoidance.
Type X Leader
Avoid risk taking, don't delegate, emphasize group accomplishments
Type Y Leader
Welcome risk taking, delegate responsibility, emphasizes individual accomplishments
Lassiez-Faire Leader
Diminish leadership function, promote group interdependence, assume group commitment. Only works with highly skilled workers
Democratic Leader
Delegate authority, avoid dominating the group, provide direction, promote group independence.
Character
Sum of positive ethical values that you have
Trait Theory (Thomas Carlisle and Frances Galton)
Leaders share certain traits and no one trait dominates.
Situation Theory
Situations produce leaders: time, places, circumstances, events.
Functional Theory (Josef McGrath)
Leadership is sporadic. Performing tasks is leadership. Leadership and membership rotates.
Transformational Leadership
Leadership transforms a group and enables visions of the future. Inspires achievement
First step in group problem solving meetings
Defining the problem. Pose the problem as a question and make sure everybody knows the information.
Second step in group problem solving meetings
Research and analyze the problem
Third step in group problem solving meetings
Establish criteria. Mandatory and Desirable criteria.
Fourth step in group problem solving meetings
List Alternatives. Leader will write down ideas
Fifth step in group problem solving meetings
Evaluate each alternative. Compromise, or go with a vote.
Sixth step in group problem solving meetings
Select the best alternative.
Information Gathering Interview
Interview used to gather information, such as interviewing a potential suspect in a crime.
Persuasive Interview
Questions aimed a securing support for or against a potential candidate.
Problem-Solving Interview
Attempts to persuade participants to deal with problems or tensions.
Performance Appraisal Interview
Reviewing your accomplishments and making goals for the future.
Open Question
Gives the interviewee great freedom in answering this type of question
Closed Question
Less freedom to interviewee to answer this type of question by limiting answers to few choices
Bipolar Question
A question with two answers.
Primary Question
A question that introduces a new topic
Secondary Question
A question that clarifies or elaborates on a topic
Directed Question
Suggests or implies an answer
Leading Question
Implies the answer to a subtle question
Loaded Question
Bold, directed question that is biased
Neutral Question
Questions that provide no hint of the expected response
Funnel Sequence
When an interviewer starts with a broad open ended question then gradually asks more closed questions
Inverse Funnel Sequence
When an interviewer starts with more closed questions then gradually asks more open questions
Networking
A process of using interconnected groups or associations to make connections to people you do not know
Conflict
Interaction between two or more people who have contradictory goals or scarce resources
Conflict Management
The way we engage in conflict and address disagreements
Unproductive Conflict
Conflict that is managed poorly and has a negative impact on the individuals and relationships involved.
Productive Conflict
Conflict that is managed effectively
Provocation
the intentional instigation of conflict
Taking Conflict Personally (TCP)
When we feel so threatened by conflict, we interpret disagreement as a personal attack
Communication Climate
General atmosphere surrounding how we feel about conflict (Defensive, Uncertain, Supportive)
Flaming
Posting online messages that are hostile to one person
Trolling
Posting false information on a public message board
Cyberbullying
Abusive attacks on individual targets
Conflict Styles
sets of goals and strategies we use to resolve conflict
Escapist Styles
Preventing or avoiding direct conflict all together
Avoiding
An escapist style where you do not express your own needs and goals
Obliging
An escapist style where you give in to what somebody else wants
Verbal Aggressiveness
Attacking opposing person's self concept and belittling their needs
Indirect Fighting
Passive style of aggression
Cooperative Strategy
Solution to conflict that benefits both people
Metacommunication
Communicating with each other about how we communication
Interpersonal Relationships
the interconnections between two individuals are influenced by intercommunication
Interpersonal communication
The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between people who share meaning and accomplish social goals
Relational Network
Web of relationships
Social Information Processing Theory
Virtual relationships develop much like face to face relationships but process takes longer to form intimate connection
Hyperpersonal Communication
Online relationships have potential to develop even more personal and intimate relationships than face to face ones
Proximity
Relationship formation requires physical or virtual proximity
Inclusion
A need to share our lives with others
Social exchange theory
Explains how we balance the advantages and disadvantages in our relationships
Primary Groups
long lasting groups that form around the relationships that mean the most to their members
Support Groups
a set of individuals who come together to address personal problems while benefitting from a group who has similar issues (AA meetings)
Social Group
A group which allows opportunities to form relationships
Problem-Solving Group
A group with a specific mission to solve a problem
Study Groups
Formed to help prepare students for exams
Team
A group that works together to carry out a project or to compete against other teams.
Self-directed Work Team (SDWT)
A group of skilled workers who take responsibility for themselves for producing high quality finished work
Group Forming Stage
Group members try to figure out who will be in charge and what the group's goals will be
Group Storming Stage
Group begins experiencing conflict over issues
Group Norming Stage
Group members move beyond their conflicts and norms emerge amongst group members
Group Performing Stage
Members combine their skills and knowledge to work towards the groups goals
Group Adjourning Stage
Group members reflect on their accomplishments and failures and decide whether the group will dissemble or take on another project
Punctuated Equilibrium
Groups experience a period of inertia or inactivity until they become aware or time, pressure, and looming deadlines
Countercoalitions
One subgroup positions itself against another on an issue, can leave anyone who isn't affiliated with a subgroup in a very awkward position
Social Ostracism
The exclusion of a particular group member
Social Loafing
The failure of a group member to put in work due to the feeling of anonymity that comes with being in a group
Chain Network
Information is passed from one group member to the next in a sequential pattern
All Channel Network
All members interact with each other equally
Wheel Network
One individual acts as a touchstone for all other in the group
Task Roles
A task that needs to occur for the group to meet it's goals
Antigroup Roles
Serve group individual's needs at the expense of the group's needs
Role Conflict
Arises in a group whenever expectations for a members behavior are incompatible
Cohesion
The degree in which the group members bond, like each other, and consider themselves to be one entity
Communication Apprehension
People who are fearful/nervous about speaking up in groups
Legitimate Power
Comes from individuals role or title
Coercive Power
Stems from a person's ability to threaten or harm others
Reward Power
Derives from an individuals capacity to provide rewards
Expert Power
Comes from the information or knowledge that a leader possesses
Referent Power
Stems from the admiration, respect, or affection that followers have for a leader
Directive Leader
Focuses on group tasks and controls group communication by conveying specific instructions
Supportive Leader
Attends to the group members emotional and relational needs
Participative Leader
View group members as equals, welcomes their opinions, summarizes points, and identifies problems
Achievement- Oriented Leader
Sets challenging goals and communicates high expectations and standards to members
Charismatic Leaders
Vibrant, likeable communicators who generate a positive image among their followers
Visionary Leaders
Leaders who can picture a new or different reality from what currently exists
Transformative Leaders
See change, adaptation, and growth as the means for groups and organizations to survive
Bullying Tactics
Unethical tactic that leaders use. Harsh criticism, name calling, gossip, and slander
Machiavellianism
Tactic advises leaders to use deceit, flatter and exploitative measures to strategically achieve their goals
Cognitive Forces
Consists of group members thoughts, beliefs, and emotions
Nonbinding Straw Poll
An informal vote on a group decision
Proposition of Fact
A claim of what is or what is not
Proposition of Value
Speaker makes claim about what goal, value or course of action should be pursued.
Proposition of Policy
Speaker makes claim about what goal, policy, or course of action should be taken
Social Judgement Theory
Your ability to successful persuade your audience depends on the audience's current attitudes or disposition toward your topic
Anchor Position
Your audience's position on the topic at the outset of the speech
Latitudes
Ranges of acceptable and unacceptable viewpoints
Receptive Audience
An audience that already leans toward your viewpoints and your message
Latitude of Acceptance
Range of positions that your audience accepts
Neutral Audience
Falls between a receptive and a hostile audience. Members nor support or oppose you
Latitude of Non commitment
Range of positions your audience is not sure about
Hostile Audience
An audience that opposes your message
Latitude of Rejection
Range of positions that your audience will not agree with
Stages of Change Model
Model which helps persuade your audience. Measures audience's readiness to modify their behavior
Stage 1 of Change Model
Pre contemplation- an individual is not ready to change their behavior in this stage
Stage 2 of Change Model
Contemplation- individuals begin to recognize the consequences of their behavior
Stage 3 of Change Model
Preparation- Individuals plan and prepare for the change that they're about to make
Stage 4 of Change Model
Action- an individual has made a change in their life
Stage 5 of Change Model
Maintenance- Behavior change is fully integrated into an individual's life
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Listeners process information on two routes, depending on how important the message is to them. (Central and Peripheral Processing)
Central Processing (Elaboration Likelihood Method)
An audience member thinks critically about a speakers message and seriously considers the strength of the argument being presented
Peripheral Processing (Elaboration Likelihood Method)
Giving little thought to the actual method and focusing on superficial aspects like the speakers looks or length of speech
Ethos
The speaker's credibility
Logos
Persuasive appeals directed at the audience's reasoning at a topic
Reasoning
Line of thought we use to make judgements based on facts
Inductive Reasoning
Occurs when you draw general conclusions based on specific evidence. Bottom up logic.
Deductive Reasoning
Occurs when you find specific evidence and apply it to specific reasoning. Top down logic.
Syllogism
A three line deductive argument that draw a specific conclusion from two general premises.
Pathos
Persuasion by appealing to listener's emotions
Logical Fallacies
Invalid, deceptive forms of reasoning
Bandwagon Fallacy
Accepting a statement as true because it is popular
Reduction to the absurd
Extending the argument to the level of absurdity
Red Herring Fallacy
When a speaker relies on irrelevant information, diverting the direction of the argument
Hominem Fallacy
An attack on the person instead of the person's arguments
Hasty Generalization
A reasoning flaw in which a speaker makes a broad generalization based on isolated examples
Begging the Question
Presents arguments that no one can verify because they're not accompanied by valid evidence
Either-or Fallacy
Presenting only two alternatives on a subject and failing to acknowledge other alternatives
Appeal to Tradition
An argument that uses tradition as proof
Slippery Slope Fallacy
When a speaker attests that some event must clearly occur as the result of another event without showing any proof
Naturalistic Fallacy
It is an appeal to nature saint that is natural is right or good and anything unnatural is bad (vaccines, processed food)
Refutational Organizational Pattern
Speakers begin by presenting main points that are opposed to their own position and then follow them with main points that support their own position
Comparative Advantage Pattern
Show that your viewpoint is better than other viewpoints on the topic
Interpersonal Relationships
The interconnections and interdependence between communicators
Interpersonal Communication
The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between people who build relationships, share meanings, and accomplish social goals
Relational Network
Web of relationships that connects individuals to one another
Family
A small social group bound by ties of blood, civil contract, and a commitment to care for and be responsible for one another, often in a shared household
Friendship
A close and caring relationship between two people that is perceived as mutually satisfying and beneficial
Social Relationships
Relationships that are functional within a specific context but are less intimate than friendship
Love
A deep affection for and attachment to another person involving emotional ties, with varying degrees of passion, commitment, and intimacy
Intimacy
Closeness and understanding of a relational partner
Social Information Processing Theory
Argues that communicators use unique language and stylistic cues in their online messages to develop relationships that are just as close as those that develop face to face, but often take more time to become intimate
Hyperpersonal Communication
Communication that is even more personal and intimate than face to face interactions (between online communicators)
Proximity
Nearness
Inclusion
To involve others in our lives and to be involved in the lives of others
Social Exchange Theory
Explains process of balancing the advantages and disadvantages of a relationship
Rewards
The elements of a relationship that you feel good about; things about the person or your relationship that benefit you in some way
Costs
The things that upset or annoy you, cause stress, or damage your own self-image or lifestyle
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Explains that when two people meet, their main focus is on decreasing the uncertainty about each other
Passive Uncertainty Reduction Strategy
Involve observing others in communication situations without actually interacting with them
Active Uncertainty Reduction Strategy
Obtaining information about a person more directly by seeking information from a third party
Interactive Uncertainty Reduction Strategy
Speaking directly with that person rather than observing or asking other for information
Relational Dialectics Theory
Holds that dialectal tensions are contradictory feelings that tug at us in every relationship, whether a newly formed friendship or a committed romantic partnership.
Social Penetration Theory
Explains how partners move from superficial levels to greater intimacy
Communication Privacy Management Theory
Helps explain how people perceive the information they hold about themselves and whether they will disclose or protect it
Boundary Turbulence
Threat to your privacy boundaries
Strategic Topic Avoidance
To maneuver the conversation away from potentially embarrassing, vulnerable, or otherwise undesirable topics
Turning Points
Positive or negative events or changes that stand out in peoples mind as important or defining their relationships
Initiating Stage of a Relationship
You make contact with another person
Exploratory Stage of a Relationship
You are seeking relatively superficial information from your partner
Intensification Stage of a Relationship
Occurs when relational partners become increasingly intimate and move their communication toward more personal self-disclosure
Stable Stage of a Relationship
Relationship is no longer volatile or temporary
Integrating
Becoming one
Bonding
Takes place when two partners share formal, public messages with the world that their relationship is important and cherished
Declining Stage of a Relationship
When the relationship begins to come apart
Uncertainty Events
Events or behavioral patterns that cause uncertainty in a relationship
Termination Stage of a Relationship
End of a relationship
Reconciliation
A repair strategy for rekindling an extinguished relationship
Persuasion
The process of influencing others' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors on a given topic
Persuasive Speaking
Speech that is intended to influence attitudes, beliefs, and behavior of your audience
Attitudes
Our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events
Beliefs
The ways in which people perceive reality
Behavior
The manner in which we act or function
Proposition of Fact
A claim of what is or what is not
Proposition of Value
Making claims about somethings worth
Proposition of Policy
Speaker makes claims about what goal, policy, or course of action should be pursued
Social Judgment Theory
Your ability to successfully persuade your audience depends on the audiences current attitudes or disposition toward your topic, as well as how strongly they feel about their current position
Anchor Position
audiences position on the topic at the outset of the speech
Hierarchy of Needs
Theory proposes that the most basic needs must be met before an individual can become concerned with needs farther up the hierarchy (1. Survival/Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Belongingness/Social Needs, Esteem/Ego-Status Needs, Self-Actualizing Needs)
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Based on the belief that listeners process persuasive messages by one of two routes depending on how important-how relevant-the message is to them (central processing and peripheral processing)
Logical Fallacies
Invalid or deceptive forms of reasoning
Bandwagon Fallacy
Accepting a statement as true because it is popular
Reduction to the Absurd
Pushing an argument beyond its logical limits in this manner can cause it to unravel
Red Herring Fallacy
Relying on irrelevant information for his or her argument, thereby diverting the direction of the argument
Ad hominem fallacy
An attack on the person instead of on the person's arguments
Hasty Generalization
Speaker makes broad generalization based on isolated examples or insufficient evidence
Begging the Question
Presents arguments that no one can verify because they are not accompanied by valid evidence
Either-or fallacy
Presenting only two alternatives on a subject and failing to acknowledge other alternatives
Appeal to Tradition
an argument that uses tradition as proof
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Employed when a speaker attest that some event must clearly occur as a result of another event without showing any proof that the second event is caused by the first
Naturalistic Fallacy
An appeal to nature saying that what is natural is right or good and that anything unnatural us wrong or bad
Group
When there are more than two people who share some kind of relationship, communicate in an interdependent fashion, and collaborate toward some shared purpose
Primary Group
Long lasting groups that form around the relationships that mean the most to their members
Team
A group that works together to carry out a project or to compete against other teams
Self Directed Work Team
A group of skilled workers who take responsibility themselves for producing high-quality finished work
Tuckman's Model of Group Development
States that as groups develop, they progress through five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
Punctuated Equilibrium
Means that groups experience a period of inertia or inactivity until they become aware or time, pressure, and looming deadlines, which compel group members to take action
Social ostracism
The exclusion of a particular group member
Networks
Patterns of interaction governing who speaks with whom in a group and about what
Chain Network
Information passed from one member to the next in a sequential pattern
All-Channel Network
All members interact with each other equally
Wheel Network
One individual acts as a touchstone for all the others in the group; all group member share their information with that one individual, who then shares the information with the rest of the group
Task Roles
Concerned with the accomplishments of the groups goals-specifically, the activities that need to be carried out for the group to achieve its goals (information giver, information seeker, elaborator, initiator, administrator)
Social Roles
Roles that manage how people in the group are feeling and getting along with each other (harmonizer, gatekeeper, sensor)
Antigroup Roles
Serve individual members' priorities at the expense of group needs (blocker, avoider, recognition seeker, distractor)
Role Conflict
Arises in a group whenever expectations for a member's behavior are incompatible
Assertiveness
Refers to the use of communication messages that demonstrate confidence, dominance, and forcefulness to achieve personal goals
Argumentativeness
A particular form of assertiveness, in which a person tends to express positions on controversial issues and verbally attack the positions that other people take
Conflict
An interaction between two or more interdependent people who perceive that they have contradictory goals or scarce resources
Conflict Management
The way that we engage in conflict and address disagreements with out relational partners
Unproductive Conflict
Conflict that is managed poorly and has a negative impact on the individuals and relationships involved
Productive Conflict
Conflict that is managed effectively
Provocation
The intentional instigation of conflict
Communication Climate
The general "atmosphere" surrounding how we feel about our communication in different relationships
Uncertain Climates
Climates in which at least one of the people involved is unclear, vague, tentative, and awkward about the goals, expectations, and potential outcomes of the conflict situation
Defensive Climates
Those in which the people involved feel threatened
Supportive Climates
Involve communicators who are open to one another's ideas and feelings
Flaming
Posting of online messages that are deliberately hostile or insulting toward a particular individual
Trolling
The position of provocative, offensive, and often false messages to forums or discussion boards in order to elicit from the participants a negative general reaction
Cyberbullying
Abusive attacks on individual targets conducted through electronic channels
Conflict Styles
Sets of goals and strategies that we use to manage conflicts
Escapist Styles
Try to prevent or avoid direct conflict altogether or, if they have to engage in it, get it over with as quickly as possible
Avoiding
Not expressing your own needs and goals, even if you have a grievance
Competitive Styles
Promote the objectives of the individual who uses them rather than the desires of the other person or the relationship
Direct fighting
engaging openly in competition (Win or Lose battles)
Verbal Aggressiveness
Attacking the opposing person's self-concept and belittling the other person's needs
Indirect Fighting
Passive style of aggression
Cooperative Strategies
Conflict styles that aim to benefit the relationship, to serve mutual rather than individual goals, and to produce solutions that benefit both parties
Compromising
Goal is to find the "middle ground" between two positions
Collaborating
Problem solvers who creatively work toward finding ways to meet the goals of both parties
Metacommunication
Communication with each other about how we communicate
Interpersonal Communication
93% is NonVerbal human interpersonal communication; 7% words/language.
Nonverbal Communication
The process of internationally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words.
Nuance
the tiny incremental elements you can't put your finger on.
Spontaneous
Emotions
Masking
Not showing your emotions
Deception
Not telling the whole truth.
Kinesics
Gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages.
Oculesics
Study of the eyes
Haptic
The use of touch to send messages.
Public Speaking
A powerful form of communication that includes a speaker who has a reason for speaking, an audience that gives the speaker attention, and a message that is meant to accomplish a specific purpose.
Persuade Speeches
Speech that is intend to influence the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of an audience.
Brainstorming
Getting the idea of out there and to think as a group.
Emphasis
Making certain words very important; Tone of voice may change; Pauses are important; Pauses can get attention.
Semantics
Meaning of words and sentences.
Narrative
Dialogue; Connecting your points.
Repeating
What term are you going to repeat; You can repeat something 2 to 3 times to indicate where you are going.
Signpost
Key words or phrases within sentences that signify transitions between points; Signposts link one thought to the next.
Ex. "and furthermore
...
Subpoints
provide support for the main points.
Main points
the central claims that support your specific speech purpose and your thesis.
Organization
neat and uses connective words.
credibility
researching work that is not yours.
Thesis Statement
A statement that conveys the central idea about your topic.
Clarification
Asking for repetition.
Proxemics
The way we use and communicate with space.
Physical Appearance
We are judged immediately on our physical appearance.
Voice
Pitch;tone;volume
Projection
carrying power of your voice. This is different than loudness.
Communication
Is the process by which we use symbols, signs,and behaviors to exchange information
Functional Perspective
Examines how communication behaviors work (or don't work) to accomplish goals.
Relationships
Are the interconnections, or interdependence, between two or more people that function to achieve some goal.
Interdependence
Means that what we do affects others, and vice versa.
Affiliation
Or feelings for others
Control
Power over others.
Symbols
Arbitrary constructions related to the people, things, or concepts to which they refer.
Code
A set of symbols, that creates a meaningful message.
Encoding
is the process of producing and sending a message
Decoding
Is the process of receiving a message and making sense of it.
Transactional
Is a communication process where you influence others while they influence you.
Competent Communication
Is more process than outcome focused.
Ethics
Is the study of morals
Behavioral Flexility
Involves knowing and using a number behaviors
Behavioral Flexibility
Involves knowing and using different behaviors acheive appropriate communication.
Communication Skills
Are behaviors that help communication acheve their goals.
Sender
Original the message , carried through a channel perhaps interfered with by a noise - to the receiver.
Interaction model
Expands on the linear model by including feedback between the receiver and the sender.
Competent Communication Model
Is a transactional model incorporating three contexual spheres in which individuals communicate.
Cognitions
Thoughts communicators have about themselves.
Behaviors
Observable communication.
Cognitive Complexity
Enables communicators to think about multiple and subtle nuances in the messages of their partners.
Dyads
groups, organizations, speakers, and audiences and mass and mediated contexts.
Perception
Is the cognitive process that helps us make sense of the world.
Communication Processing
Is how we gather, organize and the information we receive.
Schemas
Are mental structures we use to connect bits of information together.
Interactions Appearance theory
Explains how people change their perception of someone else as they spend more time together.
Mindlessness
is a passive response to information.
Mindfulness
Helps us focus on the task at hand.
Selection Perception
Presents is that it allows bias to influence our thoughts.
Undue Influence
Allows other sources too much say.
Fundamental attribution error
explains our tendency to assume that another person's wrong behavior stems from an internal flaw.
Self-serving bias
Attributes our own failures to external causes.
Cultural Myopia
The failure to see past beyond our own belief and circumstances.
Stereotyping
Generalizing about people.
Prejudice
ill will toward a particular group and a sense of ones's own superiority.
Self-conept
Who we think we are
Self- esteem
Is how we feel about ourselves in a particular situation.
Self-actualization
High performance.
Self-adequacy
Adequate Performance.
Self-denigration
Poor performance.
Self-presentation
Is intentional communication designed to let others know about ourselves.
Self-monitoring
The tendency to watch our environment and others in it for cues as to how to present ourselves
Self-disclosure
Sharing Important information about ourselves.
communication processing
in which we interpret experience and come to unique understandings
stimuli qualification
based on intensity, size, movement, relevance, and our attitude
schemas
mental structures that put together relative bits of information; chunks of info form patterns to make patterns
mindlessness
processing information passively
selective perception
your mind changes what's actually there
undue influence
stereotyping based on appearance
attributions
reason that people make up to determine why a person acts a certain way
internal attribution
attribute an action to the person's personality (ex. Caleb is a jerk)
external attribution
attributing an action to the person's situation (ex. Caleb has a stressful job)
fundamental attribution error
our tendency to overemphasize the internal and underestimate the external causes of behavior in others
self-serving bias
attributing our own successes to internal reasons and our failures to external reasons
cultural myopia
a belief that your own culture is relevant to all cultures and that everyone should follow it.
stereotyping
the act of fitting individuals into an existing schema without knowing the person
prejudice
a deep-seated feeling of unkindness and ill will towards particular groups
self-concept
an awareness and an understanding of who we are based on our thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideals; developed by social interaction
social comparison theory
basing ourselves on other people
self-esteem
refers to how we feel about ourselves in a particular situation; based on attitudes of your self-concept
self-efficacy
ability to predict actual success based on your self-concept and self-esteem
self-fulfilling prophecy
changing your actions based on inaccurate self-efficacy
self-actualization
feelings and thoughts you get when you have negotiated a communication situation well; increases self-esteem with each victory
self-adequacy
feelings and thoughts you get when you perform negotiation well or adequately, increases self-improvement or satisfaction with each victory
self-denigration
feelings and thoughts you get when you place undue importance on your weaknesses and shortcomings; leads to no self-improvement
self-presentation
how we let others know about ourselves (ex. with a song, through e-mail, face-to-face, etc.)
self-monitoring
watching the environment to try to find the best way to present ourselves
self-disclosure
revealing yourself to others by sharing information about yourself
communication
using symbols, signs and behaviors to exchange information
functions of communication
expressing communication, achieving goals, influence others
symbolic
communication that is linked to language (code), culture, and pictures
transactional process
the process of sending and receiving information, cannot be reversed
arbritary symbols
has no divine meaning (ex. skull-bone sign means deadly, radioactive area, etc)
code
a set of symbols that are joined to create a meaningful message
culture
the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people
unintentional communicatoin
can occur from bodily reactions like blushing, and leg jerking
channel
the method through which communication occurs (ex. in person, internet forum, etc.)
competent communicator
can communicate effectively and can adapt to the situation at hand
process
measured by the methods the person took to reach their outcome
outcome
the final product of an interchange
linear model
there is a sender and a receiver; noise (visual, audible, etc.) is in between them
interaction model
there is constant feedback between the sender and receiver
competent communication model
simultaneous encoding and decoding occurs between two entities; transaction is ubiquitous but differs with channels
relational context
communication that changes based on the relationship between the sender and the receiver
situational context
a variable that has to do with the situation at hand (where you are, events taking place, etc.)
cultural context
culture is an omnipresent force that encompasses all models