The composition includes strong diagonals and pyramidal shapes. Extreme contrast of light and dark adds drama. The human figures are used as design composition elements.
Raft of the Medusa by Th�odore G�ricault
Juxtaposition of images to subvert the status quo
is the photomontage technique pioneered by Dada artists such as Hannah H�ch
The contrast between the contemporary figure and the traditional decorative motifs creates visual interest. The classical modeling of the background patterns overlapping the figure compress the spatial depth in the painting.
Kehinde Willey's "Alios Itzhak" (The World Stage: Israel)
Ansel Adam's "Marion Lake, King's County National Park, California
Demostrates Adams use of a deep depth of field created by a small aperture.
A linocut
Elizabeth Catlett's "Sharecropper
The black- figure technique developed by vase painters such as Exekias during the Greek archaic period relies on the manipulation of
positive and negative space
Armory Show
The landmark exhibition that introduced modern art to the United States
Degenerate art
Nazi ridicule of avant-garde art was apparent in the choice of tittle for their 1937 Entartete Kunst art exhibition.
In the 1800s the painting shown created a controversy among art critics primarily because the artist painted
a flatened figure with few shadows and little modeling
The fauves ("wild beasts") were given this name by art critics, in part because of their use of
color
Iconographic
refers to the analysis of the symbols, themes and subject matter in the visual arts.
The flat use of color and abstract shapes
is a feature of hokusai's Japanese landscape that would distinguish it from a European lanscape painting or print created prior to 1850
William Blake
Romantic images, frequently incorporating biblical themes.
Important tenent of Postmodernism
knowledge is mediated by culture and language
The Barcelona chair designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rhoe
Bauhaus
Nocturne in Blak and Gold" by James Abott McNeil Whistler
Promotes the philosophical stance that art can be created for the sake of its intrinsic beauty.
Semiotic theory is associated with
Signs and symbols in language.
The philosopher Arthur Danto laid the groundwork for an institutional theory of art that rests on
the idea that art is determined by the artworld.
Brevety of life
Willem van Aeist's painting "An Oyster Breakfast
Classical Canon
Italy and France
The aesthetic beliefs of art critique John Ruskin and designer William Morris
products made by craftsmen from start to finish
In reference for the seventeenth-century, the term "genre" refers to works depicted and placed a new value on
historical events
Great Depresion
caused extreme social difficulties that Dorothea Lange documented by photographing people who suffered its effects
Domestic portraiture
a common subject in the art of Mary Cassatt
Indigo
A natural colorant traditionally used to dye cotton fibers in deep blue.
Foreshortening
Is the representation of any object on a two-dimensional surface in such a way that the object appears to advance or recede.
Juxtaposition
Refers to the use of unrelated images, materials, etcetera.
Western Art
A traditional way to enhance a viewer's perception of space and distance in a landscape image is to make background colors cooler and lighter in value.
Kouroi
Refers to Archaic Greek statues whose poses- rigidly frontal with clenched fists- recall the stance of Ancient Egyptian statues.
Georges Seurat's paintings
Are more notable for containing static figures and a sense of optical surface movement.
Genre painting
is an art historical term that specifically refers to painted depictions of everyday life that shows ordinary people doing ordinary things.
The layout and design of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China
are intended mainly as a symbolic expression of the connection between imperial and cosmic orders.
Typical decorative motif of Islamic architectural mosaics
Art that focuses on the painting of every subjects and individuals
Bill Viola
contemporary installation artist who uses image projection and video.
Conceptual artists
abandoned the intention of making traditional, saleable art objects.
Humanism
The Renaissance concept that the artist should be a scholar as well as a craftsman
After scientifically studying the sky Leonardo Da Vinci Systematically developed
Aerial perspective
The Arts and Crafts movement
Grew in England out of the concern that machine-made objects were replacing handmade objects.
Institusionalism
The aesthetic philosophy that claims that the value of work of art is determined by museums and galleries
Stylization
Refers to an artist's application of an exterior order or design to visual image
Eug�ne Delacroix
focused on exotic places, political freedom, and violent struggle.
Tense and watchful
Is the best way to characterize Michelangelo's sculpture.
I want to work with the land and not dominate it. I had an impulse to cut open the earth...an initial violence that time would heal. The grass would grow back, but the cut would remain.
Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, D.C.
Issamu Noguchi
used balance to contribute most to the sense of tension embodied in "Red Cube".
The Red Model by Ren� Magritte
Disimilar elements are juxtaposed to create unsetting contrast.
Foreshorten perspective
Lamentation Over the Dead Chris"t by Andrea Mantenga
Piet Mondrian's " The Red Tree
Dynamic balance around a vertical axis
Shapes and colors are repeated to create a visual rythym
Jacob Lawrence's "The Barber Shop
An uneven treatment of the surface texture is closely tied to the sculpture's expressive quality
Portarit of a head by Auguste Rodin
The composition is balanced with near symmetry around a focus on the game board
Most accurately characterizes the composition on the vessel
Diagonal placement
contributes to the dynamic nature of the shapes in Kazimir Malevich's "Dynamic Suprematism
In her painting "Judith & Holofernes", Shown, Artemisa Gentieschi drew attention to the painting's focal point, the beheading of Holofernes, primarily through
the use of lines created by the figures' limbs
Hierachy of scale is used
is used in Benin sculpture
Mary Cassat and Edgar Degas
compose work so that the subject appears cropped due to exposure to photography
incorporation of light and color into a church interior
An important innovation in the Gothic architecture of the abbey church of Saint-Denis
Marie-Rosalie (Rosa) Bonheur
naturalist who closely observed and painted the anatomy and motion of horses
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci deteriorated rapidly as a result of his decision to
use an experimental paint made of oil and tempera
Imperial Roman
The sculpture shown is an example of this art-historical style
The painter Rembrandt van Rijn is best known for
Psychologically penetrating self-portraits
Innovative group portraits
Dramatic use of shadow and light
The Cornaro Chapel by Bernini is characteristic of
Baroque
Jacques?Louis David
He used a Classical style to depict scenes from Ancient Roman history as allegories for the French Revolution.
The eighteenth-century painter and graphic artist William Hogarth produced a series of pictures that functioned chiefly as
social satire
Dramatic use of light and gritty naturalism
best characterize the work of the painter Caravaggio
Republican era of Rome
Round domes and barrel vaults were first incorporated into architecture on a large scale
Gothic Revival
The art movement most often associated with the Pre-Raphaelites
Greek temple
The Haitian-born American artist John James Audubon
watercolors of the birds of America
William Michael Harnett's Still Life � Violin and Music
Trompe l'oeil
Stonehenge
is a clear example of post-and-lintel construction
Columns and capitals
were created by the ancient Egyptians and later used by the ancient Greeks
The pierced holes in Nok terracotta sculptures, such as the one shown, were intended to
equalize the heat created in the firing process
bark paintings from Oceania often depict
sacred figures
Frida Kahlo, who grew up during the Mexican Revolution, showed her support for the establishment of an indigenous Mexican identity by incorporating
Herself in Tehuana garb and Folk art elements
The architecture of the Great Mosque at C�rdoba features
a hypostyle hall topped by large horseshoe-shaped arches
Olmec
Most of these colossal heads were found defaced and buried, probably to mark the death of a ruler of Olmec
Kwakiutl mask
It is a stylized and expressionistic portrait.
To serve their function as places of spiritual renewal, classical Japanese Zen gardens typically contain
Rocks encircled by raked patterns in white gravel
When painting Europe After the Rain II, Max Ernst created the foreground by placing a piece of paper on the painted surface and then pulling the paper away, creating accidental patterns and textures that provided the Surrealist artist with
The basis for form inspired by free association
The New York artist Jean-Michel Basquiat is most closely associated with
Neo-Expressionism
To revitalize the arts with a unifying style of flowing organic forms and to create art suited to the realities of the industrial age
the goals of the artists associated with the Art Nouveau movement
The Street Art movement's focus on culture and consumerism most relates to
Pop Art
The Abstract Expressionist movement is associated with a group of
abstract painters based in New York after the Second World War
The visual characteristics of The Prodigal Son link most closely to
Pablo Picasso's introduction of fractured forms
Marc Chagall and Giorgio De Chirico are best known for
Weaving childhood memories and dreamlike elements into their paintings
Judy Chicago's Dinner Party celebrates
the achievements and contributions of women throughout history
Immersive virtual reality art that uses sensors within an installation can best be described as
interactive
Charles Demuth's I Saw The Figure 5 in Gold
Precisionism
Use of overlapping and interacting areas of thin washes of flat color. Huge canvases that treat the surface as a field of vision.
accurately characterize Color-Field painting
Goya's The Disasters of War can be seen as the prototype for which of the following works by Pablo Picasso
Guernica
Land Art, or Earthworks, can always be described as
site specific
The contemporary artist Annie Leibovitz is best known for her work in
Portrait photography
The stop-motion photographic works created by Eadweard Muybridge served to advance
Biomechanics
Art patronage during the Italian High Renaissance was most often provided by the
Catholic Church
The development of oil paints in the fifteenth century gave artists greater ability to
Record fine detail, Mix colors freely and Portray minute gradations of light
The Federal Art Project, one of many activities sponsored by the Work Projects Administration, commissioned murals in public buildings in the United States primarily to
provide work for unemployed artists during the Great Depression
As indicated by her work, the experimental writer Gertrude Stein shared some of her friend Pablo Picasso's fascination with theories of
simultaneous space and time
Alberti
wrote the fifteenth-century text On Painting, which included the first systematic guidelines for the use of linear perspective
The Counter-Reformation
was the major religious impetus for the Baroque style in European art
Of the following, the decorative motifs of the eighteenth-century architect Robert Adam are most similar to those found on
Wedgwood pottery
A major obstacle faced by nineteenth-century women artists in Europe and the United States was that
access to life-drawing classes was restricted for women
In 1889 George Eastman made photography accessible to the public by introducing
Rolled photography film
African masks had a strong influence on the work of
Pablo Picasso and Cubist artists
The paintings of Albert Bierstadt, of the Hudson River School, reinforced the American idea of Manifest Destiny by typically depicting
idealized landscapes bathed in glowing light
Collaged pop culture images
Dada art techniques was adopted by the late-twentieth-century punk subculture
Parchment
is a paperlike material made from bleached and stretched animal hides that was primarily used during the Middle Ages for illuminated manuscripts
Figure-ground relationship
design principles is considered by Gestalt psychologists to be a basic aspect of human perception
In reference to seventeenth-century European painting, the term "genre" refers to works that depicted and placed a new value on
everyday scenes
Art is determined by the artworld.
The philosopher Arthur Danto
inventions and medias that have changed culture
Photography, computers, cell phones, music videos, computer games, movies, internet
Donatello
Jeremiah statue, stiacciato
Sandro Botticelli
Birth of Venus, Mars and Venus
High Renaissance century
early 16th century
Michelangelo
Statue of David, the sistene Chapel (Creation of Adam, the story of Noah, fall of adam and eve), the last judgment, moses, tomb of giuliano de medici, the thinker
Monet
Women in the garden, the beach at st andresse, poppies, sunrise, arrival of the normandy train, water lilies
Stone Age art
Venus of willendorf, bison on cave
Old Kingdom Egyptian Scultpure
left leg forward attached to block, The slate palette of King Narmer,wood portrait panel hesy ra, The Great Sphinx,Mycerinus and his queen,prince rahotep and his wife no fret, Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt,
Akhenaten Style
realism, expressiveness, Daughters of Akhenaten, Queen Nofretete, Limestone relief of Akhenaten,
Faience
Blue, Egyptian
Greek columns
doric (plain) Ionic (swirl), Corinthians (leaves)
Periods of Greek
Geometric, archaic, classical, hellenistic
Archaic Greek Style
Greek Pots (black silhouettes), free standing sculptures, rigid,
Hellenistic
Nike of Samothrace, Laocoon Group
Difference between Greek and Roman style
Roman large scale, used greek decoration
Early Christian art
Mosaic, catacombs,
Two art styles in the middle ages
Romanesque and Gothic
Jan Van Eyck
inventor of oil paints, The Arnolfini Marriage, A man in a turban, Cardinal Albergati
Duccio
The virgin and Child enthroned, the panel of the passion of crucifixion
Artists that competed in the Italian Renaissance
Ghiberti, Donatello, and Del Verrocchio
Ghiberti
Bronze, doors of florence baptistry, sacrifice of isaac
stiacciato
flat relief
The Holy trinity with the virgin and st john
Masaccio
Piero della Francesca
The resurrection, the victory over khosroes, Federigo and His wife
Leonardo da vinci
High Renaissance, Mona lisa, the baptism if christ, the last supper, the virgin on the rocks, landscape drawing, flying machine, the virgin and child with st. anne, "" with cat, battle of anghiari
Raphael
The sistine Madonna, the school of athens, transfiguration
Durer
engraver, printmaker, a young hare, the piece of turf, the four apostles, erasmus
Bernini
Baroque, David (dynamic), st teresa
Rembrandt
Baroque, portraits
Jan vermeer
Girl with the pearl earring
Jacques-louis david
the oath of horati, napoleon, coronation of napoleon, marat, the death of socrates
Goya
los caprichos, the 3rd of may, Queen Maria luisa of spain
Daumier
the third class carriage, six months of marriage
Renior
at the concert, luncheon at the boating party, Ball at the moulin de la galette
Homer
Snap the whip, waiting for a bite
Cezanne
the basket of apples, mont stevictoire with viaduct
matisse
the joy of life, blue nude, the women with hat, the dessert harmony in red, dance
OP Art
a style of abstractionism popular in the 1960s, modern technique with which a painter creates optical illusions with the use of dazzling patterns
iconostasis
A solid screen, covered with icons, at the front of the church, dividing the sanctuary from the body of the building.
Portico
a porch or entrance to a building consisting of a covered and often columned area. Roman buildings followed this Greek architectural style
Japanese temples
Emphasis of this architecture is on the horizontal
Which of the following is a common subject in the art of Mary Cassatt?
Domestic portraiture
An important innovation in the Gothic architecture of the abbey church of Saint-Debus was its
use of barrel vaults to create great height in the curch
Marie-Rosalie (rosa) bonheur was best known as a
naturalist who closely observed and painted the anatomy and motion of horses.
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci deteriorated rapidly as a really of his decision to
use an experimental paint made of oil and tempera
The painter Rembrandy van Rijn is best known for which of the the following.
- psychologically penetrating self portraits, innovative group portraits, dramatic use of shadow and light
The Cornaro Chapel by Bernini is characteristic of which of the following art - historical styles?
Baroque
which of the following is true of Jacques-Louis David
he used a classical style to depict scenes from ancient roman history as allegories for the French Revolution.
the eighteenth - century painter and graphic artist William Hogarth produced a series of pictures that functioned chiefly as
social satire
which of the following qualities best characterize the work of painter Caravaggio
dramatic use of light, gritty naturalism
round domes and barrel vaults were first incorporated into architecture on a large scale during the
Republican era of Rome
The art movement most often associated with the Pre-Raphaelites is which of the following?
gothic revival
The building shown was first used as a
greek temple
The Hatitian born American artist Joh nJames Audubon is famous for his
watercolors of the birds of America
which of the following is a Clear example of post- and -lintel construction
Stonehenge
which of the following were created by the ancient Egyptians and later used by the ancient Greeks
columns and capitals
Frida Kahlo, who grew up during the Mexican revolution showed her support for the establishment of an indigenous Mexican identity by incorporating which of the following in her paintings
herself in Tahuana garb, folk art elements
The architecture of the Great Mosque at Cordoba featuerts
a hypostyle hall topped by large horseshoe shaped arches
Which of the following accurately describes this Kwakiutl mask?
it is a stylized and expressionistic portrait
to serve their function as places of spiritual renewal, Classical Japanese Zen gardens typically contain which of the following
rocks encircled by raked patterns in white gravel
When painting "Europe After the Rain II", Max Ernst created the foreground by placing a piece of paper on the painted surface and then pulling the paper away, creating accidental patterns and textures that provided the Surrealist artist with what inspirat
the basis for form inspired by free association
The New York artist Jean Basquiat is most closely associated with which of the following art movements
neo pop
which of the following describe the goals of the artists associated with the Art Nouveu movement
to revitalize the arts with a unifying style of flowing organic forms, to create art suited to the realities of the industrial age
The street art movements focus on culture and consumerism most relates to which fo the following movmenets
art pops
the abstract expressionist movement is associated with a group of
abstract painters based in New York after the Second World War
the visual characteristic of the Prodigal son most closely to which of the following artist practice
Pablo Picasso's introduction of the fractured form
marc chagall and Giorgio de chircio are best known for which of the following?
weaving childhood memories and dreamlike elements into their paintings
Judy Chicago's dinner party celebrates
the achievements and contributions of women throughout history
which of the following accurately characterize color field painting
use of overlapping and interacting areas of thin washes of flat color, Huge canvases that treat the surface as a field of vision
Goya's "the disasters of war" can be seen as the prototype for which of the following works by Pablo picasso
three musicians
land art, or earthworks can always be described as
site specific
the contemporary artist Annie Leibovitz is best known for her work in which of the following?
portrait photography
art patronage during the Italian high renaissance was most often provided by
catholic hierarchy
How many years ago was art invented?
25,000 years ago
Types of prehistoric art
sculpture, cave painting, stonehenge
The hanging gardens consisted of
a series of four brick terraces, rising above the Euphrates river with lush flowering shrubs and tress spilling over the city.
The place of Sargon II
it covered 25 acres and included more than 200 rooms and courtyards, including a brilliantly painted throne room, harem, service quarters and gaurd room
Three types of perennial pyramid
The ziggurat, pyramids of Giza, I.M. Pei's Glass pyramid
Mestopotamian bas relief sculpture was combined with
wedge shaped cuneiform writing, which detailed military exploits
Egyptology
the study of language, history and civilization of ancient Egypt, a special branch of science of archelogy it reconstructs Egyptian civilization from the huge storehouse of surviving antiquities.
Egyptian essentials
literature, medical science, and high mathematics
what is the rigid formula for Egyptian human figure
the human form is depicted with a front view of the eye and shoulders and profile view of the head and arms, legs
Besides the olympics what else did the Greeks invent/ were skilled at
Painting, vase painting and sculpture
Greek painting consised of
realistic trompe l'oeil effects
Greek Vase Painting told what type of stories
- told storeis about gods and heroes of Greek myths as well as such contemporary subjects as warefare and drinking parties.
Greek sculpture were nude and were not bleached white, the marble was
embellished with colored encaustic, a mixture of powdered pigment and hot wax applied to hair, lips, eyes and nails of the figure.
Greek innovation of contrapposto
weight shift, in which the weight of the body rested on one leg with the body realigned accordingly
Leading greek artsits
Phidas, Plykleitos, Praxiteles
Greek Art syles
geometric, archaic, kuros, sever style, classcial , hellenistic
archaic art ( 600 - 480 b.c.)
period included kuros
severe style
Early phase of Classical sculpture characterized by reserved, remote expressions
Classical Art (480-323 B.C)
Peak of Greek art and architecture, idealized figures exemplify order and harmony
Hellenistic Art, ca. 323-30 BCE
greek derived style, found in Asia minor, mesopotamia and egypt, Melodramatic
art deco
A decorative style, popular in the 1920's, characterized by its geometric pattern and reflecting the rise of industry and mass production in the early twentieth century.
art nouveau
A late nineteenth-century style that emphasized organic shapes.
caryatid
An architectural column in the form of a human figure.
classical
Suggestive of Greek and Roman ideals of beauty and purity of form, style or technique.
cubist
A form of abstraction that emphasizes planes and multiple perspectives.
expressionism
An artistic style in which an emotion is more important than adherence to any perceptual realism. It is characterized by the exaggeration and distortion of objects in order to evoke an emotional response from the reviewer
fauve
a French term meaning "wild beast" and descriptive of an artistic style characterized by the use of bright and intense expressionistic color scheme
folk art
art and craft objects made by people who have not been formally trained as artists
fresco
a mural painting technique in which pigments mixed in water are used to form the desired color.
golden rectangle
The ancient Greek ideal of a perfectly proportioned rectangle using a mathematical ratio called the Golden mean.
hieratic scale
A composition in which the size of figures is determined by their thematic importance
idealism
an artistic theory in which the world is not reproduced as it is but as it should be. All flaws, accidents and incongruities of the visual world are corrected.
impasto
painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible
impressionism
An artistic style that sought to re-create the artists perception of the changing quality of light and color in nature.
which of the following best states an important tenet of postmodernism
knowledge is meditated by culture and language
which of the following artists subject matter focused on exotic places, political freedom and violent struggle
Eugene Delacroix
Navajo: Feathers
depicted in many ways are symbols of prayers, marks of honor or sources of ideas.
Navajo: the hand
represents the presence of man, his work, his achievements, his legacy.
Navajo: circular feather arrangmenets
found ion pottery, in masks, prayer fans, dance costumes and on Plains" war bonnets" . depictions in paint recounting war honors
Navajo sand paintings
sympathetic , way of communicating stories and cultures and healing people through care (placebo)
Paleolithic art time period
35,000 to 7,000
mesolithic 9near east)
7,000 - 6,000
mesolithic (Europe)
7,000 - 4,000
neolithic (Europe)
4,000- 1,500
neolithic (near east)
6000 - 3500
woman from willendorf
limestone, painted with ochre, Vienna Paleolithic, subtractive practice
bison from la madeleine
subtractive , made up of some type of bone, 15,000 - 10,000
Lascaux cave
A cave discovered in 1940 and containing exceptionally fine Paleolithic wall paintings and engravings, not a lot of space or depth, overlapped .
entrance halfway up the side of a hill , long structure with several rooms
bisons cave painting (15,00 - 12,000 bc) medium/ materials
charcoal, manganese, ochres, ferrous oxides, vehicle or medium
cuneiform
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
cuneiform tablet
made of clay
statues from tell asmar
limestone alabaster and gypsum (a sort of plaster), shell and black inlay, left as offerings and stand ins
standard of ur
wood, inlay shells and stone
Statue of Gudea
Neo-Sumerian
Shows Gudea (king) portraying himself as more priestly
sitting before his subjects in a pose of greeting or prayer
words on his robe are various temples he built: wants to be known as a builder
because he rebuilt temples and walls that previo
ur lyre queen pub
Stele of Naram-Sin - victory
shows victory over a people of western iran
hieratic scale
profile in figure
Head of Akkadian Ruler - Sargon - legitimate king
combines both naturalism and formal abstract patterning. 2250-2200 BCE, from Nineveh, Iraq. Copper, 1'2 3/8
pompei was a luxurious resort community with a population of
25,000
artist in pomepi mastered tricks of perspective and effects of light and shadow called
trompe l'eoil
the colosseum inspired what modern day building
stadiums
what types of columns were used to build the colosseum
doric, ionic, corinthian
hopi native american art
carved and painted kachina dolls out of cotton wood to represent gods and teach religion.
kwakiutl
decorated houses and canoes ,
eskimo
alaskian tribe that carved masks with moving parts used by shamans
incan
peruvian tribe known for precisely contsructed masonry, temples and metallurgy
aztec
mexico city capital, produced massive statues of gods who demanded regular human sacrifies. skilled in gold work
pre columbian
refers to the period before columbus landed in the new world
african wooden masks
used in ritual performances with complex music, rhytms, dances and costumes. intenionaly unrealistic
african sculpture
consistently rejected real life appreance in favor of vertical forms, tubular shapes, stretched out body parts derived of cyclindrical tree forms
Hopi Kachina doll
1972, national museum of the American Indian
totem pole
wooden post carved with animals or other images; often made by Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest to honor ancestors or special events
temple mural
gold figurine of king tizoc
gold funerary mask Incan
native Americans philosophy of nature
a maternal force to be loved and respected
The liberation of the peon
Rivera
bird, 1941
pollock
spiral jetty
Robert Smithson: rock, salt crystals and earth, coil length 1500'
eskimo shaman mask
kagle mask
almond like eyes and lozenge-shaped
les demoiselles d' Avignon
Pablo Picasso
couple African sculpture
wood, Dagon, Mali
Influence of tribal art: guagin
brilliant colors and simplified anatomy of his island paintings reflect decorative Oceanic art.
Influence of tribal art: fauves
collected African masks
influence of tribal art: cubists
fractured reality into overlapping planes
influence of tribal art: surrealists
collected pacific carving, African masks and fanciful eskimo masks
influence of tribal art: muralist
paid homage to the mayan and aztec empires
influence of tribal art: modernists
believed in the freshness and vitality of tribal art. paintings included long neck women which resembled carved figures.
influence of tribal art: expressionist
focus on the process of artistic creation rather than the end product - influenced by sand paintings being destroyed
influence of tribal art: contemporary
incorporated African masks into their work
what three major shifts occurred that had far reaching effects on western civilization
1. cultural leadership moved north from the Mediterranean to France, Germany and the British isle , 2. Christianity triumphed over paganism and barbarism, 3. emphasis shifted from the here and now to the hereafter and with it from the body as beautiful to
Madonna and child
Berlinghiero
What happened to art in the Middle Ages: reign of religion
art became the servant of the church, architecture took the form of lighter more airy buildings, and nudes were forbidden
byzantine art, architecture and popular example
mosaics and icons, central dome church, and Hagia Sophia
Romanesque art, architecture and popular example
frescoes, stylized sculpture, barrel vaulted church and St. Sernin
Gothic art, architecture and popular example
stained glass, more natural sculpture, pointed arch cathedral , Chartres
mosaics are composed of
human figures were flat, stiff and symmetrically placed
the battle of issues
roman mosaics
used opaque marble cubes, smooth flat finish, limited colors, found of floor of private homes, secular images, background represented landscape, used minute pieces for realistic detail
byzantine mosaics
used reflective glass cubes, surfaces left uneven, glowing glass, found on walls and ceilings especially in church, religious, large cubes in stylized designs, background was abstract
Hagia sophia
holy wisdom, three football fields long, combined roman rectangular layout with huge central dome
the nave of st. sernin
barrel vaults
plan of st. sernin,
typical segmented, Romanesque structure includes multiple semicircular shapes and valued square bays
last judgement
book of kells
is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables.
gothic building vault
arched celing
gothic building: nave
main part of church interior
gothic cathedrals were a symbol of what
civic pride that an invaders worst insult was to pull down the tower of a conquered towns cathedral
how long did it take for the Cologne cathedral to be constructed
six centuries
gothic building: flying buttresses
exterior masonry bridges supporting walls
gothic buildings: ribbed vaulty
molded stone ribs covering seams of groin vaults
gothic buildings: clerestory
nave wall lit by windows
gothic buildings: rose window
circular window filled with stained glass
gothic building: tracery
stone armature decoding windows
middle ages tapestry
refined tapestries minutely detailed with scent of contemporary life. large wool and silk hangings used to decorate stone walls in chateaus and churches
what composition was the Mona Lisa
triangular
The top four breakthroughs of the renaissance
oil on stretched canvas, the use of light and shadow pyramid configuration and perspective
linear perspective created?
the optical effect of objects receding in the distance through lines that appear to converge at a single point.
Massacio, Tribute Money, Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, c. 1427, fresco
revolutionized painting through his use of perspective, a consistent source of light, and three dimensional portrayal of the human figure
Chiaroscuro
a technique for modeling forms in painting by which lighter parts seemed to emerge from darker areas, producing the illusion of rounded , sculptural relief on a flat surface.
pyramid configuration
rigid profile portraits and grouping of figures on a horizontal grid in the picture's foreground gave way to this three dimensional composition.
Where was the Renaissance born
in Florence
The French Ambassadors
Hans Holbein the Younger, showcased lessons of composition, anatomy, realistic depiction of the human form through light and dark, lustrous color and flawless perspective
David (Donatello)
Form:
-bronze
-exaggerated contrapposto
-beautiful, ideal, classical, cultured, independent, wealth, power (like Florence)
Content:
-shepherd's hat with flowers of Florence (small can conquer giants)
-biblical figure of Florentine Republic
-religious AND
Birth of Venus
Sandro Brotticelli. c. 1484-1486 C.E. Tempera on canvas
Botticelli broke new ground with his works, including the Birth of Venus. He was the first to create large scale mythology scenes, some based on historical accounts. In the era that Birth of Venus wa
Founder of early renaissance
Massaccio
masaccio and human figure
painted the human figure not as a liner column but as a real human being
Mona Lisa
Used chiaroscuro , triangular composition and all perspective lines converging in a single vanishing point behind her head
The last supper
Leonardo da Vinci. c. 1494-1498 C.E. Oil and tempera. decomposed very quickly . Immortalized the dramatic moment after Christ announced one of his disciples would betray him.
Pieta, Michelangelo
the pyramidal arrangement derived from Leonard, with the classic composer of the virgins face. Accurate anatomy of Christs body
The Sistine chapel
A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo. Fresco, 10,000 square feet , less than four years to complete .
The last judgement, Michelangelo
Christ is larger than the rest
Circular cosmos action of raising the righteous and damning the wicked
EVERYONE has huge muscles
Most people are nude
an entire wall of the sistine chapel in fresco. gloomy
School of Athens
Raphael. 1509-1511 C.E. Fresco
Its pictorial concept, formal beauty and thematic unity were universally appreciated, by the Papal authorities and other artists, as well as patrons and art collectors. It ranks alongside Leonardo's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and Michelangelo's Vatica
Titian painting tecnhique
Covered his canvas with red for warmth, then painted background and figures in vivid hues and toned them down with thirty or forty layers of glazes.
Four R's of Renaissance Architecture
Rome, Rules, Reason, Rithmetic
Roman architect in the renaissance
used rounded arch, concrete construction, domed rotunda, portico, barrel vault and columns
Roman architect in the renaissance: rules
based their work on theories as expressed in various treatises
Roman architect in the renaissance: reason
theories emphasized architecture's rational basis, grounded in science, math, and engineering
italian renaissance art vs northern
ideal beauty, simplified forms, measured proportions, religious and mythological scenes , heroic male nudes, formal, reserved, fresco tempera and oil paintings, underlying anatomical structure, theory , static and balanced
northern renaissance art vs italian
intense realism, lifelike features, unflattering honesty, religious and domestic scenes, prosperous citizens and peasants, reveal individual personality, oil paintings on wood panels, visible appearance, observation, complex irregular
van eyck paintings are known for
convincing brilliant colors and microscopic detail
Arnolfini wedding
Made By: Van Eyck (1390-1441)
-Van Eyck is considered the father of oil painting. He was so idolized for his discovery, that his right arm was preserved as a holy relic.
-Textures become very realistic due to oil paint.
-Objects often symbolized important
The Garden of Eathly Delights, Bosch
an allegory, warning against the dangers of eroticism. forerunner of surrealism,
The Four Horesmen of the Apocalypse, Durer
Durer completed art and graphic art using what technique
woodcut and engraving
Mannerism art
popular in Late Renaissance; clashing colors; abnormally elongated limbs; lots of emotion; bizarre themes, Spanish artist El Greco
Resurrection , El Greco
Mannerism, consist of immensely long bodies, harsh light, strong colors, twisted figures, sense of movement, and intense emotionalism
T or F: Caravaggio secularized religious art and made saints and miracles seem like ordinary events a
t
Boroque art
often used negatively to mean over wrought and ostentatious
Catholic Church in the baroque era
popes began financing magnificent cathedrals and grand works to display their faiths triumph after the Counter Reformation
The first feminist painter (Caravaggisti)
Artemesia Gentileschi
Apollo Conducts the Bride, Beatrice , to Barbarossa of Burgundy
Caravaggio, The Conversion of St. Paul
Italian Baroque
Bernini, David
Italian Baroque, conveyed power about to be unleashed,
Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Theresa
Famous baroque sculpture made for the Church of Santa Maria., represented the saint swooning on a cloud, textures in white marble made flesh look realistic, artist tried to induce a religious experience
St. Peter's Cathedral
ten story building features four large, grooved, spiral column (covered with carved vines, leaves and bees) and four colossal bronze angels at the corners of the canopy. mixture of dazzling colors, forms, and materials produces an overwhelming and theatri
The Descent from the Cross
Rubens, atrial lighting, dark sky and glaringly spot lit christ, tragic theme and powerful emotional response
Van Dyck paintings
supreme portraitist, transformed frosty, official images of royalty into real human beings, flatters his subjects by making them slimmer
2 important elements of Dutch Baroque
still life and landscape
dutch baroque artist had the ability to
capture the play of light on different surfaces and to suggest texture
heda, still life
alla prima, frans hals
the artist applies paint directly to the canvas without an undercoat. the painting is completed with a single application of brush strokes.
The Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede
conveys a dramatic mood through the wind-raked sky, mobile clouds and alternating sun and shadow streaks
Rembrants early style
used dramatic light/dark contrasts, design seemed to burst frame, scenes featured groups of figures, based on physical action, vigorous melodramatic tone, highly finished detailed technique
rembrant late style
used golden brown tones, subtle shading, static brooding atmosphere, scenes simplified with single subject, implied psychological reaction , quiet solemn mood, painted with broad thick strokes
Rembrandt the Nightwatch
Dutch Baroque
Vermeer artwork was known for
bright pure glowing colors that were perfectly true, perfectly balanced compositions of rectangular shapes lend to serenity and stability.
The Kitchenmaid, Vermeer
dutch baroque , true subjects was light and its effect on color and form, showed the ability of defining forms by light
hogarths paintings used
many small touches to suggest the storyline of his paintings
Hogarth, Breakfast Scene from Marriage a la Mode
- Period: 18th Century, England
- Style: English Baroque
Velazquez family tree: bacon
hallucinatory "head surrounded by sides of beef showed his obsession with 'Velazquez' pope innocent x painting
Velazquez family tree: whistler
used dark, full length figures on neutral ground, reduced content to essential expressive forms
Velazquez family tree: sargent
influenced by technique, color, casual arrangement of multigroup figures
Velazquez family tree: manet
considered Velazquez techniques totally new
Elements of Baroque: Italian
religious works, patron church, dynamic style, drama , intensity movement
Elements of Baroque: Flemish
altarpiece , patron church and monarch, florid style, sensuality
Velazquez family tree: Goya
learned subtle gradations of color , glowing highlights
Elements of Baroque: dutch
portraits, still life, landscapes, patron people, virtuoso style, visual accuracy and studies of light
Elements of Baroque: Spanish
court patriots, patron monarch, realistic style, dignity
Elements of Baroque: English
patriots of aristocracy, patron upper class, restrained style, elegance
Elements of Baroque: French
classical landscapes and decorative architecture, patron monarch , pretentious style, order and ornament
The Royal Academy
founded in 1768, code of strict rules based on classicism, artist were required to uphold the grand manner . paintings of serious historical scenes was the favored subject. was on top for 100 years until it was perceived as mediocre and anachronism