Figure 3-1; Predynastic period; Tomb Painting; Journey of Death
found in tombs underground;3500 BCE-2575 BCE; funerary scene/boats symbolize journey down the river of life and death; stick figures and random arrangement are the Neolithic painted hunters from Catal Hoyuk
Figure 3-2; Early Kingdom Period; Palette of Narmer: Unification
3000-2920 BCE; slate; unification of lower and upper Egypt is the documented transition from prehistoric period (Narmer's name is on the palette); narrative art; Horus=falcon; protector; Hathor at top; papyrus plant=lower Egypt; different headdresses repr
Figure 3-3; Early Kingdom Period; Plan of Mastaba tombs; Access for Ka
Mastaba= Arabic for "bench"; a rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping sides erected over an underground burial chamber/ shaft connected chamber with the outside and provided the "ka"- life force- inhabited the corpse after death so it could liv
Figure 3-4; Imhotep; Early Kingdom Period; Stepped Pyramid; First Pyramid
Imhotep- royal builder for King Djoser, chancellor and high priest of sun god, first known name of an artist in recorded history; The Tomb- one of the oldest structures in Egypt, first tuly grandiose royal tomb/ started as larger mastaba- actually compose
Figure 3-6; Early Kingdom Period; Columnar Entrance; Bundle of reeds
Columnar entrance corridor to the Djoser mortuary precinct- columns look like bundles of reeds/ resemble Greek columns- they predict that the capitals of columns resembled papyrus blossoms of Lower Egypt; Ushabtis- figurines for the afterlife
Figure 3-8; Old Kingdom: Gizeh Pyramids; Monumental tomb
Left to Right: Pyramids of Menkeaure (2490-2472 BCE), Khafre (2520-2494 BCE), and Khufu (2551-2528)
Figure 3-10; Old Kingdom; Pyramid Complex; Afterlife palace
model of Gizeh Pyramid complex/ 2551-2471 BCE/ new tomb shape reflects influence of Heliopolis (seat of cult of Re) whose emblem is pyramidal tone (ben-ben)/ pyramids are symbols of the sun/ Khufu=largest and oldest pyramid/ all are oriented to the cardin
Figure 3-11; Old Kingdom; Great Sphinx; Monumental Statue
lion with human head; associated with the sun god; symbolizes intelligence with strength and authority of king of beasts; Great Sphinx 2520-2494 BCE; the smashed nose was smashed because it is thought to stop the breath and not allow the ka (which travele
Figure 3-12; Old Kingdom; Khafre; Pharaoh
2520-2494 BCE; made of Diorite- hardest stone- permanence of material/ intertwined lotus and papyrus represents unification/ falcon-god Horus= protector of king; Old Kingdom kilt, nemes (thing that looks like a snake wrapped around his head). uraeus cobra
Figure 3-13; Old Kingdom; Menkaure Statue; Formal
2490-2472 BCE; Graywacke Figures wedded to block of stone/ timeless nature/ home for ka/ rigid frontal view/ fists with thumbs forward/ arms by side/ left leg forward/ no shift in angle of hips/ weight evenly distributed between feet *stance is important!
Figure 3-14; Old Kingdom; Seated Scribe; Optical reality
2450-2350 BCE; painted limestone/ relaxed formality, sits on ground not throne/ conveys personality/ use of increased realism in subordinate figures- he has position of honor in a largely illiterate society but he still is depicted somewhat realistically=
Figure 3-15; Old Kingdom; Ka-Aper; Increased realism
2450-2350 BCE/ painted wood/ conventional frontal pose/ walking stick and baton=badges of his rank/ obesity=non-royalty; increased realsim
Figure 3-16; Old Kingdom; Ti watching hippo; Burial painting
mastaba of Ti, 2450-2350 BCE; painted limestone relief; narrative content-success in the hunt=metaphor for triumph over evil/ hierarchy of scale/ conceptual approach/ he is a figure apart from time and an impassive observer of life, like his ka
Figure 3-18; Middle Kingdom; Senusret the third; non-idealized
smashed nose= goal was to destroy ka's passage; middle kingdom king; notice the sad expression- after civil unrest (2150 BCE Egyptians challenged pharaohs power), pharaohs not as confident
Changes from Old to Middle Kingdom
main change from old to middle kingdom is rock cut tombs; in 2150 BCE Egyptians challenged pharaohs power= state of cilvil unrest and near anarchy; in 2040 BCE Mentuhotep II united Egypt and established Middle Kingdom= Dynasties XI-XIV
Figure 3-20; Middle Kingdom; Interior of rock-cut tomb; no support columns
interior hall, Tomb of Amenemhet/ 1950-1900 BCE/ Beni Hasan, Egypt/ Columned hallway/ burial chambers/ fluted column shafts/ decorated tomb walls with paintings, painted reliefs, and placed sculptures in niches/ remember this is carved in the stone on a c
New Kingdom 1550-1070 BCE
1550-1070 BCE; Most brilliant period in Egypt's history highlighting grandiose temples which were places of worship; disintegrated and power passed to the Hyksos or shepherd kings; Hyksos brought in the horse and innovative weaponry and war techniques; Ah
Figure 3-21; New Kingdom; Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut; setting
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca 1473-1478 BCE; three colonnaded terraces by ramps/ colonnades (row of columns) repeat pattern of limestone cliffs above/ colonnades pillars are chamfered-rectangular, beveled, flattened
Floor plan of Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
notice the axial plan; dots= columns; parallel lines are not stairs but ramps; as you go up, it is considered holier
Figure 3-22; New Kingdom; Hatshepsut; male headdress
Hatshepsut with offering jars from her mortuary temple in Deir el-Bahri, 18th Dynasty, ca 1473-1458 BCE, Red Granite, approx 8 ft 6 inches high- first great female monarch whose name has been recorded/ she was named regent for the boy king, Thutmose III,
Figure 3-23; New Kingdom; Temple of Ramses; Pillar Statues
1290-1224 BCE; Abu Simbel, Egypt/ Sandstone/ Colossal approx. 65 inch high; rock cut temple of Ramses II/ Ramses was Egypt's last great warrior pharaoh and ruled for two thirds of a century/ he is the last great, huge pharaoh/ 4 colossal seated statues of
Figure 3-24; New Kingdom; Interior of Temple; Atlantids
interior of the temple of Ramses II/ Giant atlantids- male figure that functions as a supporting columns- serve no load bearing function and are Ramses dressed as Osiris- 32 feet tall- HUGE
Figure 3-26; New Kingdom; Temple of Amen-Re; Hypostyle hall
Karnak, Egypt/19th Dynasty ca 1290-12224 BCE/ the hall was located just behind the pylon facade and led to the sanctuary/ it was crowded with massive columns and roofed by stone slabs on lintels/ the lintels rested on cubical blocks that in turn rested on
Figure 3- 28; New Kingdom: Temple of Horus; Pylon Wall
Edfu, Egypt/ ca 237-47 BCE/ pylon temple- massive gateway with sloped walls/ sunken reliefs on facade depict Horus and Hathor witnessing an over-sized King Ptolemy XIII seizing undersized enemies; Pylon=depiction of hieroglyph for HORIZON (the actual wall
Figure 3-29; New Kingdom; Senmut; Block statue
Senmut with Princess Nefrua/1470-1460 BCE/ granite/ block statues- popular during Middle and New Kingdoms- the ka could find an eternal home in the cubic stone image/ this is reflection of the power of Egypt's female ruler/ Senmut was Hatshepsut's chancel
Figure 3-30; New Kingdom; Fowling scene; tomb fresco secco
in tomb of Nebamun/ 18th Dynasty, 1400-1350 BCE/ fresco secco- fresco on dry plaster/ flat, linear style/ Nebamun is in motion/ wife and daughter are with him- figures are in proportion to rank/ naturalistic birds based on observation/ Nebamun was a noble
Comparison of Figure 3-16 to 3-30
In Figure 3-16, Ti is rigid and is located somewhat away from the hunting, but in figure 3-30 Nebamun is involved in the hunt, there is much more realism in the animals, and there is more movement and relaxation in the Fowling scene. However, both illustr
Figure 3-31; New Kingdom; Musicians and dancers; relaxed poses!
in tomb of Nebamun in Thebes, Egypt/ 18th Dynasty/ 1400-1350 BCE/ fresco fragment/ funerary feast- commemorative banquet for the living to commune with the dead/ shows New Kingdom artistic style=overlapping figures, facing opposite directions, carefully o
Figure 3-32; Amarna Period; Akenhaton; Experimental style
in temple of Aton/ 18th Dynasty, 1353-1335 BCE/ sandstone/ he emptied the temples, enraged the priests, moved the capital to Akhetaton (Tell el-Amarna)/ he abandoned worship of most Egyptian gods in favor of Aton, who he declared to be the universal and o
Figure 3-33; Thutmose; Amarna Period; Nefertiti; Spiritual beauty
created by Thutmose (sculptor), of Nefertiti (influential woman during the Amarna age, Akenhaton's wife), from Tell el-Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353-1335 BCE, painted limestone/ approx. one foot eight inches high/ unfinished model- demo piece, sho
Figure 3-34; Amarna Period; Tiye; relaxed conventions
Tiye, from Gurob/ 1353-1335 BCE/ wood, gold, silver, alabaster, lapis lazuli/ actually is like 4inch high/ mother of Akhenaton- may have been sub-Saharan Africa/ depiction of age!
Figure 3-35; Amarna Period; Akenhaton, Nefertiti, and Daughters; royal intimacy
FAMILY SCENE!!!!! from Tell el-Amarna, Egypt/ 18th Dynasty, ca 1353=1335 BCE/ limestone/ approx. 12 inches high/ sunken relief stele from a private shrine/ curves, bellies of Amarna style/ life-giving rays of Aton/ mood is informal and intimate= unprecede
Figure 3-36; Post- Amarna Period; Innermost coffin; gold and lapis lazuli
Inner most coffin of Tutankhamen, in Thebes, Egypt/ 18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE/ Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones/ approx. 6 feet 1 inch long- 1/4 ton of solid gold
Figure 3-37; Post-amarna period; Death Mask of Tutankhamen; portrait
18th Dynasty, 1323 BCE/ Gold with stones/ Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter-1922 discovered his tomb/ three coffins/ crook and flail/ soft, serene expression/ nemes (thing around his head) and uraeus (snake head)/ shows power, pride, and affluence/ Tutankh
Figure 3-39; Post-Amarna period; Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer; Anubis; Jackal-headed god of embalming
Hu-Nefer's tomb at Thebes, Egypt/ 19th Dynasty, ca 1290-1280 BCE/ painted papyrus scroll/ approx 1 foot 6 inches high/ Anubis jackal-headed god of embalming, leads Hu-Nefer into hall of judgment/ weighs man's heart against feather/ Ammit, half hippo and h
Figure 3-40; post-amarna period; Mentuemhet; return to stiff stance
Late period (712-332 BCE):Egypt in Decline-foreign powers invade, occupies, and ruled the land; Mentuemhet from Karnak/ 26th Dynasty, ca 650 BCE/ granite/ double wig, realistic head= New Kingdom/ rigid stance, fists, advancing leg= Old Kingdom style; look
Approximations for years
(includes Predynastic) Old Kingdom=3000 BCE
Middle Kingdom=2000 BCE
New Kingdom (includes Amarna and Post Amarna) 1000 BCE
Geography: What is the extent of the impact on religious beliefs, political arrangements, economic situations?
The Nile River determined everything; farming= what they did for a living, most fertile soil in the world (b/c the flooding is gradual); extremely moderate weather, crops year round, life is good here and they believe that the afterlife will be the same.
Economics: What is the economic situation? Who has the wealth, how many of them have it, and how did they get it? What is life like for the wealthy? What is the role of everyone else in this economic situation? What is life like for everyone else?
Most Egyptians were farmers and the Pharaohs led pampered lives
Religious/intellectual thoughts: what is happening in popular culture that will likely be reflected in art and architecture?
The afterlife was wonderful. an extension of this life-> the gods were favorable
Politics
Once Upper and Lower Egypt were united by Narmer, the Pharaoh ruled all as a god; Old Kingdom- Middle Kingdom (civil unrest occurs); New Kingdom (begins with invasion by Hyksos)- first female Pharaoh during New Kingdom= Hatshepsut- this period also includ