Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
Flexion
Bending a body part
extension
Straightening a body part
Hyperextension
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
Dorsiflexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
plantar flexion
bends the foot downward at the ankle
Rotation
turning point of a body part on the axis provided by its joint
internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
external rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Pronation
the assumption of the prone postion
Supination
the assumption of the supine position
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
atrophy
(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away
hyperatrophy
increase in muscle size
muscle tone
the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
Flaccidity
loss of muscle tone, result of disuse or neurological impairment
Spasticity
increased muscle tone that interferes with movement
-paresis
impaired muscle strength or weakness
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
quadraplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
contracture
The lack of joint mobility caused by abnormal shortening of a muscle
5ps of neurovascular assessment
Pain, Pulses, Pallor, Parasthesia, Paralysis/paresis
Ambulation
ability to walk
appendicular skeleton
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
bradykinesia
slow movement
Cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
crepitation
crackling sound of joint movement
discs
act as a shock absorber for the spine
epiphyseal plate
Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
lodosis
Abnormal anterior curvature of the spine
Osteoblasts
bone forming cells
osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
range of motion
The range through which a joint can be moved
reabsorption
the process by which bone is broken down and its minerals releases in the blood
sacromeres
The Actin and Myosin filaments in skeletal muscles are organized into sections
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
sprain
An injury in which the ligaments holding bones together are stretched too far and tear.
strain
stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon
tendons
Connect muscle to bone and carry the contractile forces